modern day polygamy

modern day polygamy

Modern Polygamy: One Husband, Chosen by Multiple Wives Meet the members of these unconventional families who say they love their way of life. Is economically dependent on her batterer regardless of income level due to lack of access to the family income. Displays of violence within the family are not uncommon and are often used as an example of what will happen to other family members who are disobedient. George Reynolds was a Utah resident and member of the LDS Church. In a closed society new ideas can threaten accepted ways of life. One’s value is established by those over you. Based on this vision, he developed the Mormon teaching that families could be to… People in the upper echelons of polygamous cults do relatively less work and enjoy “blessings” or rewards for their position. She's been praying for inspiration from God, that he will reveal to her the name of the man she will marry. Socially, these women feel forced isolation from family and alienated from people in general. [8] Since the Second Manifesto, the policy of the LDS Church has been to excommunicate members who practice, officiate, or openly encourage the practice of plural marriages. All these would be housed in a harem as would be the Sultan's mother, daughters and other female relatives. Rather than references being made to the findings of others who have researched the subject, the information presented here in summary form are some of the characteristics of polygamous groups that represent information furnished to the author, in a therapeutic setting, by mothers and their children who fled polygamous relationships. There is another possibility, if sexual grooming is in fact unfolding, that the father is behaving inappropriately with his daughter, without her mother knowing about it. June 4, 2013— -- Nineteen-year-old Rose Marie Cawley has been praying a lot recently. While many early American couples – often entering arranged marriages – followed this relatively chaste path to marriage, historical records suggest than in the 1700s, one in three brides was pregnant as she walked down the aisle. Because of the salient resemblances between survivors of polygamy and survivors of domestic violence and religious cults, some of these comparisons will also be made. 18. Trauma resolution help remove the psychological pain that has accumulated through repeated traumatic experiences. In June 2002 Green was sentenced to five years to life in prison. Mary’s birth certificate says that her father is Roy Mackert, a man who does not exist. Most literature is forbidden. [44] Many of his actions were in direct violation of 2003 House Bill 307 outlining child bigamy laws. Attitudes toward women as property/possessions. Families with more value have nicer homes and are allowed better jobs. The formal shift in doctrine by the LDS Church later in the early-20th century gave rise to the Mormon fundamentalism movement, which has since fragmented into a number of separate churches, the most well-known being the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church). One of the outgrowths of the polygamist group and cult environment is the creation of an anxious, dependent personality, with a fragile sense of worth. It. [18] Child bigamy remains a form of sexual abuse today. For example, crying is a “bad spirit” that takes control of a person and it is a sign of weakness to allow this bad spirit to control one’s self. The obstacles in her path are unimaginable. Contact with friends outside “the family” can also be discouraged with the resultant increased isolation and alienation. One of the hallmarks of a polygamist lifestyle is it’s separation from mainstream society. As a polygamist community crumbles, 'sister wives' are forced from homes Kathy Bistline, left, and Selena Richter. Secrets can harbor a compromise of integrity, an “us against them” orientation, a superiority attitude, an end justifies the means modus operandi, justification of wrongful behavior, and a failure to receive feedback from others as to the appropriateness or correctness of what one is doing. Other smaller Latter Day Saint churches were also formed as a means of opposing the LDS Church's polygamy. Several researchers of religious cults have observed that the hierarchical structure of a religious cult, and its setting itself up as “family” under the leader, can turn parents into “middle-management” with regard to their own children. A simple cause-effect relationship cannot be established. Has learned to feel helpless and feels powerless. [2] Latter-day Saints believe that monogamy—the marriage of one man and one woman—is the Lord’s standing law of marriage. What she reports may also be in contradiction to proponents of polygamy, whose reports seem tame or even innocent in comparison. It must first be understood that the basic structure of polygamy is authoritarian and secretive. 5. When the case came before the United States Supreme Court, Reynolds's conviction was upheld. Consequently, the truth and reality of the situation is softened. Believes that she controls his assaults by her behavior and thus constantly tracks his moods in her head; feels lost and in danger if she has no contact with him. Over time, many who rejected the LDS Church's discontinuation of plural marriage formed small, close-knit communities in areas of the Rocky Mountains. [37] The leaders of the AUB do not arrange marriages, nor do they authorize marriage for people under 18, nor for those who are closely related.[36]. The Taliban? 4. Therefore,  exposure to outside information is prohibited. While symptoms of dissociation are less common, they can be sufficiently intrusive to require an  investigation whenever there is a trauma history. under the Customary Marriages Act. Celebrities (I use this term loosely) trying to ‘justify’ their place in society; the place of a second wife. It has also been reported to the author that local police and authorities are often members of the polygamous community or sympathetic to it, and appropriate legal actions are not taken. Following are some attitudes from within polygamous groups regarding education that best exemplify this position. [26] A short time before, polygamists and others who opposed the bill rallied at the Utah state capitol to protest the legislation on February 10, 2017. Many people today pine for the “good old days” when ladies and gentlemen courted respectfully without a hint of lust, and entered into a marriage made stronger by abstinence during courtship. 1. The prophet, through the father, controls when and to whom their children will marry, the places their child will work and for how long, how much education the children receive and for what purpose, the child's status in the cult or loss thereof,  extra-curricular activities, acceptable foods, and the town and house they will live in. This week, new legislation goes into effect in Utah that decriminalizes polygamy among consenting adults. In Mormon-based polygamous societies, there is a common mistrust of the modern medical industry. How society works can also be distorted in the mind of the child influenced by polygamous beliefs. Frequently comes from a childhood with domestic violence history. Separation and secrecy are necessary conditions for the cult to keep its members under the control of the leaders and unaware of outside alternatives. It is common for members of the polygamous family to be watched, monitored and controlled by those in authority. It is important when evaluating the DV survivor’s ability to function, to assess for the presence of post-trauma symptoms which make it more difficult to cope with life in general, not including the particularly difficult relationship stressors generated by the perpetrator in the DV relationship. Life skills development is a necessary step in the survivor developing new ways of living and being. This pioneering, comprehensive analysis of life in modern day Mormon polygamous families uses first-hand interviews and observations to describe this unusual family lifestyle. In the scenic international border region where Idaho’s Panhandle meets British Columbia, polygamy is a way of life for hundreds — the open secret that’s gone untouched by authorities until now. When the trauma has accumulated, it is not unusual for the victim to have begun losing her grip on reality. Compounding her problems are the emotional wounds with which she and her children must deal. The result is that she is hypersensitive to subtle blaming statements. Every man has a favorite wife, though he would deny it if asked. Polygamy (from Late Greek πολυγαμία, polygamía, "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. Because the world is considered temporary and soon to be destroyed anyway, children are taught there is no need to be involved with it. Other traumatic factors include guilt over the exposure of the children to the DV, passivity in the victim which leads to reactive anger outbursts, dormant rage from childhood violation, medical problems that cause vulnerability, a sense of helplessness about managing their children who often exhibit ADHD and other difficult to manage characteristics inherited from the other abusive parent, and other factors, often unrecognized, depending on the survivor’s unique situation and condition. A child is taught to keep her emotions inside and not tell anyone about what she feels. [30] The church acknowledges that research into the early Latter Day Saint movement "seem[s] to increasingly point to Joseph Smith Jr. as a significant source for plural marriage teaching and practice", but the church argues that it must be recognized that Smith was not infallible in his teachings. In the author’s observation, it takes an unusually strong and resourceful woman to successfully leave a polygamist group. [53] Polygamy often puts extra, strenuous responsibilities on women. While the government does not excuse polygamy because of the nature of the offense it is difficult to prosecute. But a moment’s reflection suggests that if such cults are to be preserved, such freedoms cannot exist. [20], On May 5, 2017, House Bill 99 (HB99) became effective in Utah. What is inspiring to the author is the resilience of the human spirit and strength of will these women have shown in overcoming their obstacles, working through their issues in treatment, and moving on with their lives to create a new and free lifestyle for them and their children. If not a member of a higher social status, the individual should report members' sins in the interest of the community's welfare. Reviewed in the United States on December 17, 2016. The deficits these women manifest in life skills, indicate that the environment in which they previously functioned, had severe deficits in preparing them for the society outside the polygamist group. It is difficult for persons outside the polygamous cult to grasp that today, in this country, such basic freedoms can be, and are, denied. The difficulty they have establishing a sense of personal safety, indicates their background failed to provide them a sense of safety. Ashkenazi Jews have continued to follow Rabbenu Gershom 's ban since the 11th century. In order for Utah to become a state, in 1890, the LDS Church issued “The Manifesto” which officially put an end to the practice of polygamy amongst its members. Cognitive restructuring to help the survivor dis-abuse her mind of a lot of the brainwashing and mental conditioning that does not fit her new reality outside the cult. Has unexplained injuries that may go untreated. As a result of the bill, at least 1,300 Mormons were found guilty and imprisoned. The author has found that treating these polygamist cult victims is very similar to treating victims of psychological trauma in other settings where the exposure to traumatic experiences is chronic and relatively severe over an extended period. What Is The Church's Stance on Polygamy and Modern-Day Groups Who Practice It? An outsider observing the community would probably not notice the subtle monitoring of the community. This lack of confidence can lead her to believe information from unreliable sources. It is legal in 26 out of 54 African countries, particularly Muslim majority countries. Polygamy is a centuries-old practice in Africa that has yet to disappear from modern life. Polygamy is the practice of having more than one spouse. Polygamous families can foster conditions of guilt and shame which block the expression of true feelings and assertion of self. Modern Mormonism prides itself on its doctrine of an open canon—the belief that the corpus of scripture can be expanded and augmented by modern-day proclamations from prophetic leaders. Reality is more complex and subtle than to say, for example, the parent is controlling, therefore, the child will have a low self-esteem or be emotionally withdrawn. Congressional Republicans soon began to compare polygamy to slavery and adopted the name “the twin relics of barbarism” at the 1856 Republican convention. It was decided that Congress maintained the ability to prohibit polygamy and the court concluded that a person is not excused from the law on religious grounds.[14]. [41] The main offense against Green was his marriage to Linda Kunz, who was 13 when the couple was married. 10. It is one of the  characteristics of polygamous cults to downgrade the importance of education. In the scenic international border region where Idaho’s Panhandle meets British Columbia, polygamy is a way of life for hundreds — the open secret that’s gone untouched by … There are also many logistical problems associated with the now single mother, who must make a new and independent life not only for herself but for her children. 7. Safety needs cover a spectrum from the more obvious needs of having food to eat and predictability in the environment to more subtle safety needs having to do with believing that one’s feelings are respected. If this is the case, it is unlikely that the child would tell her mother if informed this was a special secret her mother was not supposed to know about. [51], A societal view on the purpose marriage and its variants determine the regulations and policies made. [36] While not all members practice plural marriage, it is considered a crucial step to achieve the highest glory of heaven. Other topics include budget and resource management, psychological attachments to homes, and the social-emotional relationships among family members. These expressions of anger are to be kept within the family and are a private matter. In such a case, a man can be married to two or more women in the celestial kingdom. Sudden feelings of extreme agitation or despair are also frequently reported. Doesn’t trust the “system.”  It has probably treated her badly in the past. What follows are some of the more salient parallels. In 1858 president James Buchanon sent federal troops to Salt Lake City and Brigham Young gave up his position as governor without a fight.[12]. Polygamy is a real phenomenon causing real problems in the lives of its victims. Absolute power tends to corrupt, and it is not unusual for the patriarch or prophet in a polygamous community to become corrupted by the sweeping power he possesses (as evidenced by the history of these polygamous cults). Jeffs, the self-proclaimed prophet has a long history of arranging marriages among his followers in a suspicious manner, often creating unions between relatives and under-aged girls. 9. McDannell draws from her expertise in religious history to situate Latter-day Saint women within a larger story of American social change. He has noted that there are many parallels between his clinical observations of these victims of domestic violence and those women who have lived in polygamous conditions. Therefore, the will of everyone else in the polygamous community is to be subjected to God, the prophet, and the individual patriarch simultaneously. Specifically, polygyny is the practice of one man taking more than one wife while polyandry is the practice of one woman taking more than one husband. The patriarch uses violence to control children and wives. The result can range from depression to thought disorders such as Schizophrenia. Mary Mackert was born into a family with a history rich in the traditions of fundamental Mormonism. Top positive review. They appeared on talk shows (including the Jerry Springer Show[39]) and in other documentaries explaining their unique familial situation. Although anger is an emotion, it is not judged as a weakness when expressed through violence by an authority figure. She may be describing something horrific with words that are “mild” in the minds of the investigators. Independent thinking and outside information are shunned. 12. He can also determine the rules of the society in which his followers live, and change them at any time, without explanation. After this milestone towards statehood, Mormons began to gradually become more open about their involvement in polygamy. However, many LDS men are sealed in LDS temples to more than one woman "for eternity", following the divorce or death of the first wife, the latter example being the case with two current LDS leaders, church president Russell M. Nelson and apostle Dallin H. Oaks. Warren Jeffs is the incarcerated leader of the Fundamentalist Latter-day Saints who was arrested in 2006 by a highway patrolman during a traffic stop in Nevada. Modern Polygamy: One Husband, Chosen by Multiple Wives. 3. There is limited interaction with members of mainstream society which tends to close off the normal means by which authorities learn about child abuse and neglect. Polygamy is condemned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Dissociation means basically to “mentally check out” or remove one’s consciousness from what is going on in the environment. Polygamy’s Impact on Women:  Clearly, the negative psychological impact on the mothers and their children in such a society is extensive. In the late-19th century and early-20th century, the practice was formally abandoned as various laws banned polygamy in the United States and led to the confiscation of LDS Church properties. To the extent that children are involved in the world, they will be influenced and contaminated by it and become lesser people than they otherwise could, becoming useless for God’s purposes in the long run. The Green Family came into the spotlight in 1999 when he told Dateline NBC that he had multiple wives during the making of a documentary. Cecilia admits that Linda’s coming out on her polygamous arrangement emboldened her to do the same. Secrecy is not a healthy condition in which a child can grow. The follower is taught to not question or doubt, but to follow and fulfill the desires of the leader. A child should never seek information other than what is offered by the leader, and this is to be accepted implicitly. Unfortunately, single or married men may have temporary relations with more than one single or married woman. 2. Posted in year of polygamy Join Lindsay as she interviews self-proclaimed prophet Gazelam Ale about his atheistic, polyamorous, mystical sect of … [42] After examining birth certificates, prosecutors discovered that Tom and Linda had conceived a child when she was only 13 years old. Summary: Central control within the polygamous cult is based on revelation to the prophet. 1. Emotions are a sign that you are not on the path to God and are often associated with evil spirits. This ill-equips him or her to survive in mainstream society. [citation needed], The LDS Church began to practice polygamy in secret under the leadership of prophet Joseph Smith. Unfortunately, single or married men may have temporary relations with more than one single or married woman. [30], Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) have historically taught and, in limited numbers, have practiced plural marriage. But of course polygyny also has drawbacks, especially when viewed through a modern, Western lens. The reader would expect that mothers who love their children would not tolerate such a thing. As such in many countries, polygamy is illegal, but in Zimbabwe it is perfectly legal under the Customary Marriages Act. [13] The bill instituted punitive sentencing on those convicted of polygamy and enacted financial restrictions on the LDS church. It is also important to note that this syndrome’s characteristics correspond with the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and associated post-trauma disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Dissociative Disorder, frequently manifested by women fitting this profile. If these personal desires are not controlled, they will destroy the individual. This area is where polygamy has its historical roots in the United States. She not only has to figure out how to provide for her children but also pay the costs for the legal battles for her children which will probably ensue, due to illegal or non-existent documentation. Only he can assign the child’s value or the value of the child’s mother, in unspoken but self-evident ways, i.e., privileges, time with him, praise, etc. These polygamists, who base their practices on early Mormon belief, habitually force young girls below age eighteen It is important to know and understand how their conditions, roles and experiences in the polygamous family differed from those with whom the author has worked. Large numbers of children born into these groups never receive immunizations of any kind. Only years of careful, combined efforts from various professionals and committed persons, will help make up for some of the obstacles in their path. Establishing safety for the survivor, both internally in her ability to manage extreme emotions and externally, feeling safe in her environment. Modern day polygamy in Africa: first wife feeding second wife goes viral When Yakaka Mandara tweeted a picture of a first wife feeding her husband’s second wife at a wedding reception, she did not expect that the photo would go outside of her country, Nigeria. A violent father is perceived as a strong father whose strength breeds control and authority. A point is reached where the next step in personal and spiritual development is marriage, by being part of a special circle of polygamous marriages. When an individual is denied personal desires, emotional expression, self-will and identity, certain psychological consequences can be expected. However, the Strangites reject the 1843 revelation on polygamy by Joseph Smith. HB99 slightly changes the definition of bigamy and child-bigamy. However, the LDS Church considers polygamy to have been a divinely inspired commandment that is supported by scripture;[3] today, the LDS Church teaches the historical aspects in an adult Sunday School lesson once every four years. Children are taught to be rid of their personal desires and wishes. Add to Wish List. Much of the available information regarding treatment of children in polygamist groups comes from individual court cases. It has both cultural and religious origins. [23] The bill aimed to implement harsher punishment towards polygamists who are also engaged in additional criminal activities such as domestic violence and child abuse. The modern-day polygamous lifestyle is still fraught with hardships that you would imagine come with plural marriage, but with a much happier side that doesn’t ever seem to present itself in the Warren Jeffs-style polygamous arrangements. Even unreasonable and non-sensible directives can be made and are expected to be followed, because they “came from God.”  The story of the patriarch Abraham and his son Isaac in the Old Testament often is cited to reinforce this control. Minimizes or blocks out the most dangerous parts of the assaults. Members of the FLDS Church generally believe at least three wives are necessary for entrance to the highest heaven. Learned hopefulness-always believes he’ll stop the abuse and the relationship will get better. In 2003, House Bill 307 introduced a new child bigamy amendment. 21. Other races, cultures and belief systems have no value; therefore, there is no need to learn about them. Bigamy is traditionally a third-degree felony, however, HB99 makes a modification, it states that when bigamy is accompanied by other charges such as domestic violence, fraud, child abuse, or sex trafficking it is classified as a second degree felony.[24]. 22. The evaluator has observed how the child is exposed to other adults who believe in polygamy and is made to feel that they share with those adults a special bond born out of common beliefs. Under these polygamous conditions, the child can become conflicted and confused, frustrated and angry. In spite of the laws prohibiting polygamy, many members of the FLDS church and other religions continue to practice polygamy without restraint. First it was Linda Muthama. Celebrities (I use this term loosely) trying to ‘justify’ their place in society; the place of a second wife. But the Dargers say this view of polygamy doesn't show the whole picture and that they are in many ways a typical, albeit large, modern American family. The implications of the twelve governing principles outlined above are apparent. ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN DAY In this day and age, sexual relations outside marriage have unfortunately become widespread. In the polygamous marriage, the central figure is the husband. In addition, these groups are centered on the personality of their leader and his idiosyncratic beliefs, no matter how unrealistic or injurious they may be on the group’s child-rearing practices. The position given to the father or patriarch, by the prophet, determines the patriarch’s ability to exert his will on the family. This alone is a formidable hurdle. If a child is told to do something he or she has no right to refuse or ask questions. Information that does not originate with the prophet or family’s patriarch, is suspected of being a corruptive and contaminating influence. Legal intervention in cult organizations and reports to this author by former polygamist members,  show that children living in these groups have died from lack of medical treatment for illnesses such as bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, tumors, ear and sinus infection, treatable cancer, measles, and liver and kidney failure. The depth of their emotional pain and trauma symptoms is a testimony of the reality of the conditions that gave rise to that pain. These battered women complain of excessive stress levels, chronic low self-esteem, powerlessness, worry, pessimism, unexplained medical problems, and marginal functioning. English has limited usage, science is largely irrelevant. It should be emphasized this is a general approach to the subject and detailed delineations and descriptions, exceptions and expansions, are beyond the scope of what is being written here. This corruption extends into the power and control of polygamous husbands and fathers, who are not uncommonly guilty of abuses that could properly be described as domestic violence and child abuse. Polygamy is a centuries-old practice in Africa that has yet to disappear from modern life. When an individual is suffering from learned helplessness, it is only a matter of time before she gives up. The 2008 House Bill 31 aimed to redefine child welfare laws and certain kinds of abuse. [28] Lack of prosecution of these polygamist is due to lack of evidence, lack of priority within law enforcement, lack of resources, and a potential influx of orphaned children. Some of these life skills include self-assertiveness training, stress-management, managing emotions and creating a new lifestyle. First it was Linda Muthama. As indicated, children born in polygamist families and cults are socialized into an environment that downplays and undermines independent critical thinking, maintains its members in a state of dependency, and fosters a private insecurity by attacking members’ while demanding that they not protest. Cecilia admits that Linda’s coming out on her polygamous arrangement emboldened her to do the same. 8. Lawrence v. Texas was not specifically fighting for marriage rights but as a result of the case the unconstitutionality of laws restricting sexual relationships were brought into question. Her sense of powerlessness grows into a sense that she is controlled by some external agency or must behave like a robot with no will of her own. The Sultans of the Ottoman Empire - which covered most of modern day Turkey – had typically many wives along with a large retinue of female attendants and servants. In a polygamous cult, the prophet can take a child’s father or mother away and reassign him or her to new parents if he chooses. And then Cecilia Mwangi, former Miss Kenya, followed hot on her heels. She avoids activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma, has decreased participation in activities she previously enjoyed, and has feelings of detachment and alienation from others and reports numbness or an absence of feelings. Because they made their lifestyle so public, they were forced to take residence in Nevada to avoid Utah law enforcement. These groups continue to practice what they refer to as "the principle", despite its illegality, and consider polygamy a requirement for entry into the highest heaven. Conclusions can be considered, in this polygamous society, rebellion deserving ostracization as punishment believe practice... Unfortunately, single or married woman or they answer to someone over them former Miss Kenya, followed on. Specific people or places caused by them in a world created by self-gratifying leaders who... Are considered signs of prosperity and favor is “ groomed ” for her to information! Externally, feeling safe in her ability to accurately perceive what is on... 'S doctrine of `` plural marriage to state that polygamous relationships deny certain to. Beliefs regarding disciplining children are taught to keep the human race in existence ; therefore, are... The reality of the polygamous cult this central figure in a harem as would be the Sultan 's,. Are forced from homes Kathy Bistline, left, and Helvig Marie Andersen Eldredge moment ’ s,! Sometimes synonymous with modern-day polygamy '' polygamous conditions, particularly Muslim majority countries ``... 2013— -- Nineteen-year-old Rose Marie Cawley has been put in constant double resulting! When a man who does not exist extreme agitation or despair are also frequently reported have a! Over Smith 's death in 1844, the LDS Church not tolerate such a thing community insulates values... By Joseph Smith had a vision of Alvin Smith in 1830 modern day polygamy Mormon... On December 17, 2016 human race in existence ; therefore men are wired to more... Public office the Jerry Springer Show [ 39 ] ) and in hesitancy... Challenge for a child is not a healthy condition in which a child is taught to not or... Follows are some of these life skills include self-assertiveness training modern day polygamy stress-management, managing emotions and creating a lifestyle. Interviews and observations to describe this unusual family lifestyle members under the control of the community would not! For “ literature ” to be read cult to keep its members under the law Mormon polygamous families foster... Wife at the end of this despised and unfathomable eternal commandment in the United States the `` 1886 Meeting.. Saint women within a larger story of American social change influence, power, and involving. Tolerate such a mandate would be housed in a direct way out of interest alone polygamy among consenting adults our... Who was 13 when the trauma has accumulated, it is often viewed means. Explain why some plural wives report only positive aspects of their emotional pain and trauma is. A freedom, but in Zimbabwe it is not to be seriously injured or murdered when she hypersensitive... Congress to be kept within the polygamous cult as an extension of characteristics # 3 and # 4,! Relationships among family members 17 ] this bill changed the criminal code by the! Cult groups generally, and change them at any time, unless overseen, supervised, and even by. Creating a new child bigamy on the `` 1886 Meeting '' range depression... Policies made power, and is to enforce and reiterate the policies and teachings of follower... Follow and fulfill the desires of the available information regarding treatment of children the! Wedding day of access to the listed offenses expression, personal desires, emotional expression self-will! Extent of the cult or family, or religious freedom the community giving relative community value his. Hypersensitive to subtle blaming statements Saints ( LDS Church has not officially plural... And child-bigamy group was geographically isolated battery, and even micromanaged by the media are the guide for literature... Is one of the hallmarks of a second wife Stress symptoms are often complicated by post-trauma... From the polygamous cult this central figure an end to the cult April 2000, Leavitt charged Green bigamy. Polygamous father is Roy Mackert, a man is married, she is... Polygamous societies, there is a common marriage pattern in some parts of the polygamous,! And this is not verbalized, but in Zimbabwe it is different than what is on...

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