warlords in history

warlords in history

A warlord is a leader able to exercise military, economic, and political control over a subnational territory within a sovereign state because of their ability to mobilize loyal armed forces. The other is one in which the warlord is operating independently of the state and is viewed as a rebel, insurgent or strategic political competitor of the regime. This list of notable warlords is ordered by their level of prominence, and can be sorted for various bits of information, such as where these historic warlords were born and what their nationality is. Backs Karzai's Efforts to Strengthen Afghan Central Government | IIP Digital", "Strengthening the Strategic Partnership of the United States and Afghanistan", "Decentralization – Decentralization in Afghanistan", "Afghans Form Militias and Call on Warlords to Battle Taliban", "Charles Taylor Sentenced to 50 Years for War Crimes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warlord&oldid=1002497232, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Ahram, Ariel I., and Charles King. The warlords, with their established militias, are able to maintain a monopoly of violence within certain territories. This is commonly viewed as "ungoverned warlordism". List features people like Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Chiang Kai-shek and more! [21] Driscoll termed this warlordism "militia coalition politics". Reno, William. Warlords can also fall into a hybrid category, temporarily joining a warlord coalition in collusion with the regime or defecting for political expedience—transitioning from one paradigm to the other based upon strategic interests. "Mafiya troubles, warlord crises." Welcome to the Warlords of History PodcastWelcome to the Warlords of History PodcastWelcome to the Warlords of History Podcast. Kony is just one in a long line of despotic warlords that have terrorized the continent. Warlordism has appeared in many states and cultures in history. The Warlords of History. A truce was reached without any disarmament of militias; instead, the warlord coalitions reached a non-violent "order producing equilibrium",[21] and eventually agreed upon a warlord-friendly civilian figurehead to assume head-of-state duties to demonstrate the legitimacy as a sovereign state to the rest of the world. Stationary bandits can amass power because of their economic connections with foreign firms. After the fall of the Mongol Empire, Mongolia was divided between the Eastern and Western Mongols. In the psychopathic doctor category, Josef Mengele takes top honors.This Nazi concentration camp physician, known as “The Angel of Death”, not only personally sent hundreds of thousands to their deaths, he engaged in some of the most atrocious medical experiments in history. During his term of office Taylor was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity as a result of his involvement in the Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002). In both cases there is an inherent inefficiency in the model, as "resources are wasted on unproductive arming and fighting. There are so many badass Vikings that it’s tough to narrow it down, but these ten who made their peers soil their breeches. Liberia's former president Charles Taylor was indicted as a diamond-embezzling warlord who aided and abetted African rebels who committed heinous atrocities against millions of African people. Idi Amin was the third Ugandan president, and one of the most famous African warlords of all time. The Warlord Era was a period in the history of the Republic of China when control of the country was divided among former military cliques of the Beiyang Army and other regional factions from 1916 to 1928. His close friends included the late Col. Muammar Gaddafi of Libya; the conservative former ruler of Ivory Coast, Félix Houphouët-Boigny; the President of Burkina Faso, Blaise Compaoré; and a plethora of businessmen—local and foreign—who were bent on making money in Liberia and disregarded UN disapproval. Ta-Nehisi Coates. Discover and re-experience the history of the Warlords of Draenor world of warcraft expansion raiding through boss & guild information, kill videos and articles from the time. Although Chiang Kai-shek ascended with legitimacy into his role of leadership of the KMT by succeeding Sun Yat-sen and was recognized by foreign nations, Chiang was accused by some of being a warlord because of his rise by military campaign. Josef Mengele. While most warlords have power vested in them through traditional tribal customs, some hold formal regional government positions, but in both cases cooperation with the central government remains voluntary and reliant on incentives. The result is a political system in which a dominant coalition of warlords strips and distributes valuable assets in exchange for bureaucratic services and security from foreign firms.[24]. Warlords ruled various parts of the country following the death of Yuan Shikai (1859–1916), who had served as the … This was occasionally done by conscription or coercion but usually through enticement. [18], In exchange for peaceful coexistence, the warlord coalitions are granted special status and privileges, including the right to maintain de facto political rule within the agreed-upon territory, exert force to retain their monopoly over violence and extract rent and resources. Amin worked his way up through the ranks, and in 1971 he committed a coup, deposing Milton Obote. Warlords in Mongolia could be characterized by this title because of the Mongol Empire's lack of definitive borders and consistent expansion and conquest during the 13th and 14th centuries. [6] He argues that the monopoly of crime by the state—in this case being the warlords—is in order to receive protection from external rivals as well as internal political rivals. The first is one in which the warlord functions within the political framework through a degree of bargaining with the state regime so that the warlord, sometimes individually and sometimes in a coalition with other warlords, is acting with the explicit consent of or at least in accord with the regime. Several condottieri in Italy can also be classified as warlords. There are two major functional distinctions when considering warlords and their relationship with a state. Other warlords could be found in the British Isles during the Middle Ages and up into the Early Modern period; such examples include Brian Boru of Ireland and Guthrum of the Danelaw, who was the commander of the Great Heathen Army and nearly conquered all of England,[43] Alfred of Anglo-Saxon England,[44] first man to unify the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Europe, although it would not be completed until Edward the Elder's reign, in which he conquered the last remnants of the Danelaw.[45]. [9] In May 2012 he was sentenced to 50 years in prison. Ragnar’s history is well documented in the old the old writings, where he is father to many sons, including Bjorn Ironside, Ivar the Boneless, Halfdan Ragnarsson, Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye and Ubba Ragnarsson. The Warlord system was seen as a great way for the government to recruit powerful pirates to their side, so that they could be used to help the marines in their times of need. [35] Beginning in 2008, as it became increasingly evident that the central government in Kabul was incapable of extending its power and control to much of the country, the US military and diplomatic corps began exploring the option of engaging ethnic tribal warlords in negotiations, a strategy that continued through the Obama administration.[36][37][38]. There’s a good reason the sight of a Viking longship struck fear in the hearts of coastal villagers: the Vikings were bad news for everyone. (Page of tag warlords) A warlord is a leader able to exercise military, economic, and political control over a subnational territory within a sovereign state because of their ability to mobilize loyal armed forces. Many warlords paid their soldiers well or allowed them to retain a share of whatever they looted or extorted from ordinary Chinese. [citation needed], The other major consideration in categorizing warlords is through the lens of history. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Other areas include the eastern part of Ukraine, Lebanon, South Sudan, Mexico and Colombia. This opened up Georgia and Tajikistan as states eligible to receive international aid, which thereafter became a major source of "rent" for the warlords, providing them with resources to increase their power and influence over these societies. This can be viewed as "cooperative warlord politics". Exploring Motivations. There is also a divergence of opinion within the field of political science as to what specifically constitutes warlordism, particularly in the context of the historical setting. In colonial empires warlords served in both cooperative political capacities and as leaders of rebellions. Stories buried in the folds of history...until now. "Illicit markets, violence, warlords, and governance: West African cases. Some of these warlords rose to the challenge, others lost their kingdoms and their lives in the struggle. He crossed the Danube twice and plundered the Balkans, but was unable to tak… Chinese warlords have appeared all throuhout China’s history, springing up in times of turmoil to gain power, and sometimes establishing their own dynasty. Charles Tilly, an American political scientist and sociologist, theorized that organized crime can function as a means for war and state making. Skaperdas, Stergios. These armed forces, usually considered militias, are loyal to the warlord rather than to the general government. As noted French philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville and political scientists such as E. J. Hobsbawm and Theda Skocpol observed in their analyses of the Ancien Régime, the French Revolution and democratization in Europe, that commitment was contingent upon a bargaining process in which the king or queen had to guarantee additional territory, revenue, status or other privileges,[9][10][11] meaning that these early European states were weak and the relationship between the crown and feudal lords constituted the form of interdependent warlordism known as cooperative warlord politics. [17], Warlordism in Afghanistan—another state where the central government is unable to extend political, military or bureaucratic control over large swaths of territories outside the capital—functions cooperatively within the framework of the state, at times. Some nations, such as Liberia and Sierra Leone, have had stationary bandits who use extraction of resources such as diamonds, cobalt and timber ("conflict resources") in order to increase their political power. The empire and the states that emerged from it were born and shaped in part from the heavy influence of roving bandits. As the Qing dynasty disintegrated, it was replaced by the Republic of China, led by Yuan Shikai until his death in 1916. [25] The Pashtuns are the largest and most dominant ethnic tribe in the country, whose name translates to "Land of the Pashtuns".[a]. Here's What World Leaders Really Think Of Donald Trump. As an unusual bit of history, Adolf Hitler sent his body back to Istanbul in 1943, hoping to persuade Turkey to join the Axis powers in World War II. Oftentimes warlords will exert violence on a particular region in order to gain control. Chiang also conquered and conscripted the forces of rival warlords in the Central Plains War of 1930. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged … Most of these warrior groups come from ancient history – one or two come close to modern history. After seizing power from President Samuel Doe in a rebellion, Taylor won elections in 1997. The ensuing two years were marked by local warlords rebelling in order to seize power within their local governments and challenging the Dương court. Economist Stergios Skaperdas views warlordism as a default—albeit inefficient—competitive economic model that emerges in states where state capacity is low, but that innately evolves into an institution governing political order that uses violence or the threat of it to secure its access to "rent"-producing resources. He joined the British colonial regiment, the King’s African rifles in 1946. 1999. When people live in a particular region dominated by a warlord, they can choose to flee or live within the political structure the warlords have created. Particular attention is paid to the skill of the warrior caste, and the impact of the warrior culture on their society as a whole. #7 of 14 Bizarre Obsessions of Dangerous Dictators#97 of 432 Famous Tall Men Over 6'2, #1708 of 2,443 The Most Influential People of All Time#7 of 16 Here's What World Leaders Really Think Of Donald Trump, #1327 of 1,355 The Greatest Minds of All Time#574 of 753 People We Wish Were Still Alive, #282 of 347 The Most Important Leaders In World History#197 of 410 The Most Important Military Leaders in World History. and sent armies as far as Central Europe and Southeast Asia. Warlordism in Europe is usually connected to various mercenary companies and their chieftains, which often were de facto power-holders in the areas where they resided. During the state–warlord bargaining phase, warlords in Afghanistan have a high motivation to prolong war to create political instability, expose weakness of the central state, prompt regional criticism against the government and continue economic extraction. [2][3] In China, Junfa is applied retroactively to describe the leaders of regional armies who threatened or used violence to expand their rule, including those who rose to lead and unify kingdoms. Such free companies would arise in a situation when the recognized central power had collapsed, such as in the Great Interregnum in Germany (1254–78), in France during the Hundred Years' War after the Battle of Poitiers, or in the Kingdom of Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence. While warlords are commonly viewed as regional leaders who threaten the sovereignty of a state, there are a number of states where the central government functions in collusion with warlords to achieve its goal of exercising its sovereignty over regions that would otherwise fall outside its control. Here, below is a list of the top 10 legendary warrior cultures throughout history. 10. Zhang Zuolin (simplified Chinese: 张作霖; traditional Chinese: 張作霖; pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín;... Akhmad-Haji Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov (Russian: Ахмат-Хаджи Абдулхамидович Кадыров; Chechen:... Cao Cao (pronunciation ; [tsʰǎu tsʰáu]; Chinese: 曹操; c. 155 – 15 March 220), courtesy name... Aslan (Khalid) Aliyevich Maskhadov (Russian: Асла́н (Хали́д) Али́евич Масха́дов; Chechen:... Joseph Rao Kony (pronounced [koɲ]; likely born 1961) is the leader of the Lord's Resistance... Baitullah Mehsud (Pashto,Urdu: بیت اللہ محسود‎); c. 1972 – c. 5 August 2009) was a leading... Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (born 29 December 1960) is a convicted war criminal from the Democratic... Liao Zhongkai (April 23, 1877 – August 20, 1925) was a Kuomintang leader and financier. This book provides a detailed study of Sinkiang - China's largest province, and of great strategic importance on the Russian border during the Warlord and Kuomintang Eras. "By limiting access to these privileges, members of the dominant warlord coalition create credible incentives to cooperate rather than fight among themselves. ", This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 18:48. It was not widely used until the 1920s, when it was used to describe the aftermath of the 1911 Revolution, when provincial military leaders launched the period that would come to be known in China as the Warlord Era. He served under several warlords, including Dong Zhuo, Zhang Yang, Wang Yun, Yuan Shu, and Yuan Shao early in his career, and the best thing that can be said is that he didn’t murder all of them. This includes the most prominent warlords, living and dead, both in America and abroad. These armed forces, usually considered militias, are loyal to the warlord rather than to the general government. Featuring African warlords, Chinese warlords, Japanese warlords, Liberian warlords, African warlords, and other warlords of ancient history, this list has it all. Source: Britannica, The Independent. Warlord, Chinese (Pinyin) junfa or (Wade-Giles romanization) chün-fa, independent military commander in China in the early and mid-20th century. This war essentially ended the Warlord Era, albeit with the continuing autonomy of several provinces. Afghanistan was briefly a democratic state until a 1973 coup, which resulted in the April Revolution of 1978. Among the prominent leaders called warlords were Yan Xishan in Shanxi province, Feng Yuxiang, and Wu Peifu, who had reputations as reformers; Zhang Zuolin, who ruled in Manchuria until the Japanese invasion of 1931; and a number of local warlords with infamous reputations, such as Zhang Zongchang. He was considered as one of the history`s greatest villains. Fascinating accounts of enigmatic warriors and leaders from ancient and medieval times. Please mention other groups who might be considered for a future list in the comments. ", Reno, William. Under the feudal system of Europe, nobility—whether feudal lords, knights, princes or barons—were warlords in that they served as regional leaders who exercised military, economic and political control over subnational territories and maintained private armies to maintain that status. The Most Important Leaders In World History, The Most Important Military Leaders in World History. As Driscoll observed, the "warlords colluded to create a state". [30] While having significant political, economic and social impact on Afghanistan, the intervention of the Soviet Union (1979–89), Afghan Civil War (1989–96), Taliban regime (1996–2001) and United States invasion and occupation (2001–present) have not noticeably disrupted the primacy of ethnic tribal authority, and thus the power and influence of warlords, in ordering Afghan society. His critics say that he bullied and bought his way to power, and once he obtained it he established himself as one of the most brutal and murderous warlords in Africa. [7][12][13][14][15][16] Warlord states are disproportionately concentrated within two regions—the former European colonies of Africa and the former Soviet republics of Eurasia. "The warlord: Twentieth-century Chinese understandings of violence, militarism, and imperialism. "Warlordism in comparative perspective. We argue that behind the resistance to state-building lies a twofold question of legitimate authority: the authority of states to consolidate power within their own internationally recognized borders and the authority of warlords to resist that expansion, by force if necessary, when it threatens social order and the protection of basic rights. These warlords formed well-structured militias that not only established political and economic control over territories, but institutionalized bureaucracies to establish and maintain their monopolies over violence and rent and "incentivizing the behavior of citizens within a particular geographical space". Noted theorist Max Weber suggested that classic feudalism in pre-modern-state Europe was an example of warlordism, as the state regime was unable to "exercise a monopoly on the use of force within its territory"[8] and the monarch relied on the commitment of loyal knights and other nobility to mobilize their private armies in support of the crown for specific military campaigns. Warlords have existed throughout much of history, albeit in a variety of different capacities within the political, economic, and social structure of states or ungoverned territories. [citation needed]. While most of these warrior groups come from ancient history - one or two come close to modern history. While their political power to exercise social order, welfare and regional defense within their territory was derived from hereditary rights or edicts from the monarch, their military strength afforded them independence and strength to negotiate for privileges. Taylor was detained by the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone in 2006 after a period of enforced exile in Nigeria. In the history of most societies, there are groups or classes of people that are forever romanticized in the annals of time. [20], In his study of warlordism in Georgia and Tajikistan, political scientist Jesse Driscoll emphasizes how the collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the rise of militant, independence-seeking nationalist movements within the republics—particularly within the Central Asian and Caucasus regions—resulting in armed conflict and civil war. American historian David G. Herrmann noted, "Warlordism is the default condition of humanity."[4]. The two-year Northern Expedition campaign (1926–28) not only defeated the Beiyang Army but also toppled the Beiyang government. Although warlords were present historically in either pre-modern states or "weak state" societies, and in countries designated "fragile states" or "failed states" in modern times, there is a tremendous degree of variance in the political, economic, and societal organization, structure, and institutions of states where warlordism exists. Franz H. Michael, “Military Organization and Power Structure of China during the Taiping Rebellion.”, "Tilly - Warmaking and statemaking as organized crime.pdf", "Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development", "The Role of the Pashtuns in Understanding the Afghan Crisis", "The Durand Line: Afghanistan's Controversial, Colonial-Era Border", "United States Agency for International Development – U.S. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE FOR AFGHANISTAN POST PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PLAN", "U.S. [41] Attention focused on the 1911 Wuchang uprising and Xinhai Revolution. 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Violence on a region here 's what World Leaders Really Think of Donald Trump among.. Is a list of the most Important military Leaders in World history, the `` colluded! Might be considered for a future list in the folds of history Donald....

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