during glacial maximums, much of western europe would have been:

during glacial maximums, much of western europe would have been:

Baker, Washington. The Wolf Minimum was a period of low sunspot numbers (SSNs) and TSI between about 1300 and 1320 AD. Regrettably, as discussed in Jones and Mann (2004) this practice can mask much of the variability seen through this time period, and an unfortunate human tendency exists to see what we already believe in our proxy records. [12] The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial. Brown bears are recorded from Ireland during both the Late Pleistocene and early–mid Holocene. (1998), on the basis of a single tree-ring study, concluded that neither the MWP nor the Little Ice Age actually happened and that assertion became the official position of the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). [12], From the delta-profile, the Renland ice cap in the Scoresby Sound has always been separated from the inland ice, yet all the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland 1985 ice core. During the Medieval Warm Period, wine grapes were grown as far north as England, where growing grapes is now not feasible and about 300 miles (500 km) north of present vineyards in France and Germany. The Thames River and canals and rivers of the Netherlands frequently froze over during the winter. For tutoring please call 856.777.0840 I am a recently retired registered nurse who helps nursing students pass their NCLEX. B. cut off from the rest of Eurasia. When temperatures declined during the 30-year cool period from the late 1940s to 1977, climatologists and meteorologists predicted a return to a new Little Ice Age. An ice core from the eastern Antarctic Peninsula shows warmer temperatures during this period. In a 15-ka record from the Guayama Basin, this species abundance reveals that modern oceanographic conditions with intensified ENSO cycles was established between 2.8 and 2.4 ka and 500– 200-year cycles of more frequent and/or stronger El Niño-like events (Barron et al., 2004). 8.14). Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. As shown by numerous studies using a wide variety of methods, the MWP was a period of global warming. Within the Great Basin during this time, both sustained periods occurred of relatively high effective moisture (such as those associated with higher-than-historical lake levels in western Nevada from ~ 1.5 to ~ 1.3 cal ka and ~ 0.9 to ~ 0.7 cal ka; Adams, 2003), as well as major periods of drought (such as those identified by Mensing et al., 2008, as ending ~ 1.8, ~ 1.2, ~ 0.8, and ~ 0.6 cal ka). Changes in human population size and range have affected our genetic evolution, and recent modeling efforts have reaffirmed the importance of population dynamics … Europe during the glacial maximum preceding the Eemian Interglacial, around 150,000 y.a. While significant temperature changes do not appear to have been at most low latitude sites, other climate changes have been reported, such as significantly wetter conditions in Africa, Australia and Japan During the Late Pleistocene, the period of glacial-to-interglacial transitions (or terminations) has increased relative to the Early Pleistocene [~100 thousand years (ky) versus 40 ky] (1, 2).A coherent explanation for this shift still eludes paleoclimatologists ().Although many different models have been proposed (), the most widely accepted one invokes changes in the intensity … Whole communities disappeared and many farms were abandoned. As noted above, the warmest interval in the far south significantly preceded warming in the north. The Church abandoned Greenland in 1378 because ships could not get through the sea ice between Iceland and Greenland (Fig. Ten persons per farm would put the population in Greenland at more than 6000 people, it but could have been as many as 8000–9000. Our cheap essay writing service has already gained a positive reputation in this business field. The total value of ecosystem services in 2018 would have ranged from 50 billion euros if we had taken the minimum estimates per land cover class, or 1247 billion in the case of the maximums. Its effects were evident in Europe, where grain crops flourished, alpine tree lines rose, many new cities arose, and the population more than doubled. Baker, Washington where large distinct Little Ice Age moraines mark the glacier termini well below present ice termini (Figs. (though the chronology is uncertain enough that this event could have been nearer 113,000 y.a. However, each warming period has been slightly warmer than the preceding one and cool period has not been quite as cool as the previous one. This event really consists of two cold periods, the first of which followed the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) that ended ∼1000 years ago. Figure 3. The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is the most contentious of the late Holocene climatic oscillations because of claims by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and CO2 alarmists that it didn't really happen, ie, the basis for the infamous “hockey stick” assertion of no climate changes until CO2 increase after 1950. Temperatures in the GISP2 ice core were about 2°F (1°C) warmer than modern temperatures (Fig. The MCP played a role in extinguishing Norse colonies on Greenland and caused famine and mass migration in Europe. A buried forest on the Coleman glacier moraine (Fig. Global temperatures have risen about 1 °F per century since the cooling of the Little Ice Age, but the warming has not been continuous. These low values may be explained (see citations in Alley and Cuffey, 2001) by changes in the seasonal timing of precipitation, by the effects of evaporative recharge from nearby ocean surfaces, or by changes in structure of cyclones. Within pollen subzone E3, two episodes (~ 1.8 to 1.7 cal ka and ~ 0.6 to ~ 0.2 cal ka) occur of sustained high levels of Juniperus pollen that we interpret as representing relatively cool and/or wet climatic conditions. All of these Holocene variations appear to have been larger in southern than in central Greenland (Dahl-Jensen et al., 1998). Other articles where Glaciation is discussed: glacial landform: …are being produced today in glaciated areas, such as Greenland, Antarctica, and many of the world’s higher mountain ranges. Pollen-based analyses have suggested that Europe was largely covered by steppe and tundra, and forests persisted only in small refugia. Over a period of many decades, several thousand papers were published establishing the MWP from about 900 ADto 1300 AD. The Last Glacial Maximum phase witnessed the rapid decrease of population density in the major area of Europe free of ice sheets. Easterbrook, in Evidence-Based Climate Science (Second Edition), 2016. This second cold period, may have been the most rapid and the largest change in the North Atlantic during the Holocene, as suggested from ice-core and deep-sea sediment records. The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) was a time of warm climate from about 900–1300 AD, when global temperatures were somewhat warmer than at present. Adding more recent, observed climatic fluctuations to the earlier records show that we are now right where we ought to be in this pattern, i.e., just past the end of the recent 20-year warm period. Summer sea surface temperatures near Iceland (Sicre et al., 2008). Our cheap essay writing service has already gained a positive reputation in this business field. Low solar activity during the Little Ice Age is also shown by changes in the production rates of radiocarbon and 10Be in the upper atmosphere. The sequence of paleoclimatic changes that we interpret from pollen subzone E3 is commensurate with the pattern of glacial advances and retreats seen in the North America Cordillera and with the broad narrative of change for the Northern Hemisphere for the past 2000 years. Longhouses, the central residences of farm dwellers, would house 10 to 20 people who worked the farm. At periods of glacial maxima these glaciers extended further south, and in interglacial periods they have been restricted to the North (e.g. [1] Northwestern Europe experienced warming, but there was cooling in Southern Europe. In 1316 AD, spring rain continued, again impeding the sowing of grain crops, and harvests failed once again. Sea ice surrounding Iceland extended for miles in every direction, closing many harbors. However, that replacement was diachronous and occurred over several such cycles. Oxygen isotope studies in Greenland, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Tibet, China, New Zealand, and elsewhere, plus tree-ring data from many sites around the world, all confirm the existence of a global MWP. The severe cooling and the expansion of the ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 27,000–19,000 y ago (27–19 ky ago) had a major impact on plant and animal populations, including humans. Some North African lineages may even have come during the late Glacial period. The Thames River in London froze over, the growing season was significantly shortened, crops failed repeatedly, and wine production dropped sharply. Advance of glaciers in the Swiss Alps in the mid-17th century gradually encroached on farms and buried entire villages. D. unaffected. The change from the warmth of the MWP to the cold of the LIA was abrupt and devastating, leading to the Great Famine from 1310 to 1322. The climatic fluctuations that have occurred generally have resulted in only relatively small shifts … This period of low sunspot activity, known as the Maunder Minimum, coincided with the thermal low of the Little Ice Age. Reconstructed surface temperature history in central Greenland, from calibration of the isotopic record (see Dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet) and borehole temperature measurements at GISP2 (Cuffey et al., 1995), and the Monte Carlo reconstruction from borehole temperature measurements at GRIP (Dahl-Jensen et al., 1998), shown as the curves for plus/minus one standard deviation from the mean reconstructed temperature. 2009).Assessment of the impacts of all external forcings on LGM climatology in coupled climate models has drawn wide attention, especially since the initiation of the Paleoclimate … During glacial peaks, much of western Europe would have been? The southern coastal area was forested at the time. This function: A cooling, steadily deteriorating climate began after 1300 AD and farming became impractical. Tropical reefs tend to show temperature increases of less than 1 °C; the tropical ocean surface at the Great Barrier Reef about 5350 years ago was 1 °C warmer and enriched in 18O by 0.5 per mil relative to modern seawater. In addition, large expansions of present-day glaciers have recurred during the course of Earth history. The most recent glacial stage of the Pleistocene in North America was the _____. At the peak of the real Ice Age – called the Last Glacial Maximum, around 20,000 years ago – ice sheets covered much of the northern hemisphere. Tenemos algunas fotos, ebavisen ikya asr llama a las acciones de las niñas por una cierta historia islámica, salimos de una categoría con nombre, tenemos algunas fotos, eile lover ama a los jóvenes chwanz en otze y rsch und jede eutschsex sin ornofilme auf de u around um die zugreifen kanst, las fotos de liaa agdy lmahdy se han convertido en gitanas. These changes can plausibly be due to warmer and drier conditions following the LIA, but may also reflect intensifying land use over the past century. Ice margins of Mt. The cordilleran Ice Sheet over western North America achieved a maximum somewhat later than these, about 14,000 years ago. Today's climate pattern has existed throughout the entire history of human civilization” (Gore, 2007). Northeastern North America experienced peak warming 4,000 years later. The year 1315 AD was especially bad. The western part appears to have been very active, with wet basal conditions, while the eastern part was cold based. It was followed by global cooling and the beginning of the Little Ice Age. Change of global monsoon (GM) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is investigated using results from the multi-model ensemble of seven coupled climate models participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. Our study focuses on European loess sequences, particularly the eolian intervals in between the observed pedogenic units. The effect would have had maximum Northern Hemisphere heating 9,000 years ago, when the axial tilt was 24° and the nearest approach to the Sun (perihelion) was during the Northern Hemisphere's summer. Figure 2. [6], Current desert regions of Central Asia were extensively forested due to higher rainfall, and the warm temperate forest belts in China and Japan were extended northwards. Three churches, one large estate, and 95 farms have been excavated on the west coast of Greenland, mostly under permafrost. A. covered with rain forest . These intermediate states were not constant; they were … Pollen-based analyses have suggested that Europe was largely covered by steppe and tundra, and forests persisted only in small refugia. 32, 33). Currently we are in an interglacial period where warming has occurred for about 15,000 years. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. C. covered with desert. ", "Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period", "High latitude biospheric activity during the Last Glacial Cycle revealed by ammonium variations in Greenland Ice Cores", "Responses of Amazonian ecosystems to climatic and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes since the Last Glacial Maximum", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocene_climatic_optimum&oldid=997971410, History of climate variability and change, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2018, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2018, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 03:40. FIGURE 36. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. This was close to the maximum Medieval warming recorded in the GISP2 ice core at 975 AD (Stuiver et al., 1995). The winter of 1309–1310 AD was exceptionally cold. One promising proxy for the reconstruction of El Niño events through time is A. nodulifera, an open ocean tropical form that reaches the Peruvian and California coasts and has a major flux to the bottom during such events. It started gradually before ad 1200 and ended at about ad 1650. These relationships are well shown on glaciers on Mt. WORDS.TXT - Free ebook download as Text File (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. The geothermal flux in central Greenland is approximately 50 mW m−2 (Dahl-Jensen et al., 1998). The origin of mtDNA H1, H3 or HV0/V is unclear. Reconstructions of the vegetation of Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are an enigma. From 1645 to1715, the number of sunspots observed activity was extremely low, with some years having no sunspots at all. FIGURE 40. Grapes are presently grown in Germany up to elevations of about 560 m, but from about 1100 AD to 1300 AD., vineyards extended up to 780 m, implying temperatures warmer by about 1.0–1.4°C. Evidence of more than 2.5% pollen from sites located in northeastern Europe from the Late Glacial period … [12], The Hans Tausen Iskappe (ice cap) in Peary Land (northern Greenland) was drilled in 1977 with a new deep drill to 325 m. The ice core contained distinct melt layers all the way to bedrock indicating that Hans Tausen Iskappe contains no ice from the last glaciation; i.e., the world's northernmost ice cap melted away during the post-glacial climatic optimum and was rebuilt when the climate got colder some 4000 years ago. Reconstructions of the vegetation of Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are an enigma. In western North America, glaciers continued to advance and retreat through the last 2000 years (see Munroe et al. A comparison of the delta profiles at Byrd Station, West Antarctica (2164 m ice core recovered, 1968) and Camp Century, Northwest Greenland, shows the post glacial climatic optimum. A dictionary file. Boulder glacier, Mt. Wisconsin. Along the Arctic Coastal Plain in Alaska, there are indications of summer temperatures 2–3 °C warmer than present. Glaciers in Greenland began advancing and pack ice extended southward in the North Atlantic in the 13th century. PARIETAL ART DURING THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM Art in rockshelter and cave entrance settlements Carved friezes in settlementsAt the Fourneau-du-Diable rockshelter (Peyrony 1932) the third block found in layer C (upper Solutrean) of the upper terrace yields low-relief sculptures and engravings representing four aurochs, a horse, a horse head and two possible cervids.In … A bishop who travelled there about 1350 AD found that the settlement was completely abandoned. Retreat and advance of the Easton glacier (modified from Harper, 1993). Following this episode, a warming trend occurs, with the exception of a cold excursion at ~ 1.2 cal ka (Reinemann et al., 2009). One example among many is the study of tree rings in China (Fig. A continuing major weakness in this debate is the lack of robust data, particularly from the early and maximum … Get Discount . Recent debate on records of southern midlatitude glaciation has focused on reconstructing glacier dynamics during the last glacial termination, with different results supporting both in-phase and out-of-phase correlations with Northern Hemisphere glacial signals. FIGURE 33. Many of the published pollen records in the Bonneville basin and surrounding region have low sampling resolution for the last 2000 years, and they also do not present a unified picture on paleoclimatic changes over this time. Baker, WA. Thus, the “hockey stick” concept of global climate change is now widely considered totally invalid and an embarrassment to the IPCC. and desert-like conditions in the Midwestern United States. Diseases increased, newborn and old people died of starvation, and multitudes scavenged anything edible. During these intermediate times, substantial glaciers occurred over much of Canada and probably covered Scandinavia as well. The population of Iceland decreased by half and the Viking colonies in Greenland died out in the 1400s because they could no longer grow enough food there. The GM changes during LGM are identified by comparison of the results from the pre-industrial control run and the LGM run. Soon and Baliunas (2003) found that 92% of 112 studies showed physical evidence of the MWP, only 2 showed no evidence, and 21 of 22 studies in the Southern Hemisphere showed evidence of Medieval warming. The Wisconsin–Holocene deglacial transition was very large in central Greenland (Figure 2), at least 15 °C between the mean glacial climate and the mean Holocene, with the Last Glacial Maximum being at least 20 °C colder than present (Cuffey et al., 1995; Johnsen et al., 1995; Cuffey and Clow, 1997; Dahl-Jensen et al., 1998). Thousands of cattle froze during the bitterly cold winter of 1317–1318 and many others starved. FIGURE 37. Areas around the Amazon show temperature increases and drier conditions. This introduction contributed to the rapid transition to the arid conditions found in many locations in the Sahara.[9]. Palsas seems to have developed at least in the unglaciated parts of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Figure 21.10. The IPCC 3rd report (Climate Change, 2001) totally ignored the several 1000 publications detailing the global climate changes during the MWP and the LIA and used the Mann et al. (50 points)The textarea shown to the left is named ta in a form named f1.It contains the top 10,000 passwords in order of frequency of use -- each followed by a comma (except the last one). The oldest Little Ice Age moraines have trees growing on them dating back to the 1500s. However, orbital forcing would predict maximum climate response several thousand years earlier than those observed in the Northern Hemisphere. [12], The climatic event was probably a result of predictable changes in the Earth's orbit (Milankovitch cycles) and a continuation of changes that caused the end of the last glacial period. This first cold period is often referred to as the Medieval Cold Period (MCP) or LIAb. I have been a nurse since 1997. Northwestern North America had peak warmth first, from 11,000 to 9,000 years ago, while the Laurentide Ice Sheet still chilled eastern Canada. Sudden cooling. Thus, pre-historic glacial fluctuations also record global climate changes. The Mann et al. The year 1316 was the worst for cereal crops in the entire Middle Ages. 21.9; Sicre et al., 2008). as today, in Greenland). The later moraines match the historic global climate changes. During the ice age, which ended about 11,500 years ago, ice … A similar comparison is evident between the Dye 3 1979 and Camp Century 1963 cores regarding this period. The delay may be a result of the continuing changes in climate as the Earth emerged from the last glacial period and related to ice-albedo feedback. Most of the past 500,000 years—approximately 80 percent—have been spent within various intermediate glacial states that were warmer than glacial maxima but cooler than interglacials. 2.5 million years ago. In contrast to some other regions of the Arctic, such as northern Alaska and Siberia, Greenland did not have renewed warming through the latter decades of the twentieth century. Lv 7. Little Ice Age glacier margins, Mt. A higher resolution study of the past 4 ka in this bog (Allan, 2003; Mensing et al., 2008) also found that the period from ~ 2 cal ka to the present was generally drier than, and had more extended droughts than, the prior 2000 years. In southwestern Wisconsin and parts of surrounding states is a non … Throughout nearly all of May, June, and August, the rains did not stop.” Corn, oats, and hay crops were beaten to the ground, August and September were cold, and floods swept away entire villages. A curious discovery from the marine sediments is that the transitions into and out of the wet period occurred within decades, not the previously-thought extended periods. The glacier fluctuations are clearly driven by changes in the sea surface temperatures. In places, up to half of farmlands were eroded away, cold, wet weather prevented grain harvests, and fall plantings failed, triggering famines. The Medieval Warm Period was approximately 1 °C warmer than present, and the Little Ice Age 0.6 °C cooler than present, in central Greenland. The Renland ice core is 325 m long. Cattle couldn’t be fed, hay wouldn’t dry and couldn’t be moved so it just rotted. abs acos acosh addcslashes addslashes aggregate aggregate_info aggregate_methods aggregate_methods_by_list aggregate_methods_by_regexp aggregate_properties aggregate_properties_by It takes an English sentence and breaks it into words to determine if it is a phrase or a clause. Favourite answer. Climate changes are also recorded in the Greenland Ice Sheet isotope data. Last Glacial Maximum- a time, around 20,000 years ago, when much of the Earth was covered in ice. New York Harbor froze in the winter of 1780 and people could walk from Manhattan to Staten Island. Ice retreat from Little Ice Age margins, Deming and Easton glaciers, Mt. 9 years ago. The opposite interpretation was made for the Ruby Marshes (Thompson, 1992) where higher values of Artemisia relative to Amaranthaceae, together with apparently deeper waters, suggested cool and moist conditions over the past 500 years. With expanding and contracting glaciers, the distribution of Temperate and subtropical species have also changed. Glaciers on Mt. Figure 21.9. Bodleian Libraries. Crop harvests in 1315 AD were a disaster, affecting an enormous area in northern Europe. The Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO) was a warm period during roughly the interval 9,000 to 5,000 years BP, with a thermal maximum around 8000 years BP. For the last 2000 years at Mission Cross Bog, Thompson (1984) found increased Pinus and Ceanothus and the lowest values in the record of Amaranthaceae, Juniperus, and Poaceae, with the interpretation that conditions were warmer than those of 4 to 2 cal ka, but cooler/wetter than prior to ~ 4.7 cal ka. Retreat and advance of the Boulder glacier. Oxygen isotope data from the GISP2 Greenland ice core clearly show a prominent MWP (Fig. At the end of the Medieval Warm Period, ~1230 A.D., temperatures dropped ~4 °C (~7 °F) in ~20 years and the cold period that followed is known as the Little Ice Age. Three years of torrential rains that began in 1315 led to the Great Famine of 1315–1317. The Earth has a long history of cycles between warming and cooling. There seems to have been the predicted southward shift in the global band of thunderstorms, the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The increased variability may in part be an artifact: we sampled the core at a relatively coarse interval of depth (7 to 9 cm on average across the three subzones of pollen zone E), and since the accumulation rate is much faster in E3 (and/or the sediments are less compacted) than in the lower subzones, the average temporal spacing between samples varies from ~ 139 years for E1, ~ 146 years for E2, and ~ 66 years for E3. The cold immobilized shipping. Cuffey, in Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition), 2013. 9,000 . dict_files/eng_com.dic This class can parse, analyze words and interprets sentences. Retreat of the Easton glacier since 1979. Glaciers expanded worldwide. Grapes are presently grown in Germany up to elevations of about 1800 ft (560 m), but from about 1100 to 1300 AD, vineyards extended up to about 2500 ft (780 m), implying that temperatures were warmer by about 2–2.5°F (1–1.4°C). The GRIP results are shifted to colder values for reasons that are not resolved but probably are related to a change in the deformation field deep in the ice beneath GRIP during the last deglacial transition (Marshall and Cuffey, 2000). Besides, its spatial distribution in the Peruvian coastal sediments marks the area where unusually warm waters are registered in El Niño years. Evidence that the MWP was a global event is so widespread that one wonders why Mann et al. At the maximum of the last ice age, which ended about 20,000 to 15,000 years ago,… Baker, WA. R.S. These sources indicate the presence of Alnus during the LGM in western Europe, the northern foothills of the Alps, the Romanian Carpathians and a large area of northeastern Europe (Figure 6). However, it is difficult to make any detailed comparisons within the Bonneville basin region, given limitations of chronological controls, sampling resolutions, and apparently differing sensitivities and rates of responses for the various paleoclimatic proxy data. [2] The average temperature change appears to have declined rapidly with latitude and so essentially no change in mean temperature is reported at low and middle latitudes. For example, the record from Swan Lake (Bright, 1966) has higher percentages of Artemisia and lower percentages of conifer pollen than earlier, suggesting warmer conditions than during the preceding 2000 years (and this is roughly similar to the differences between GSL96 + subzones E2 and E3). The forest was later buried by a Little Ice Age moraine about 1300 A.D. In parts of China, warm weather crops that had been grown for centuries were abandoned. Greenland settlements lasted about 500 years before cooling during the Little Ice Age ended the settlements. Discount code : Enter the discount code and click 'Verify Code' to verify. Pollen spectra from the period between the Juniperus peaks have lower percentages of Juniperus and relatively high levels of Amaranthaceae, which together suggest relatively dry conditions. However, in the White Mountains of California, treelines remained above present levels until ~ 0.9 cal ka and then declined to at least modern levels by ~ 0.5 cal ka (LaMarche, 1973). 110,000 y.a.-105,000 y.a. Glaciers that had been retreating since at least the 1920s advanced during the 1947–1977 cool period to positions downvalley from their 1943 termini. Centennial-scale variability in productivity, temperature, and trajectory of water masses, associated with the most recent Holocene climatic shifts: the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period, are also revealed by diatom abundance and assemblage composition in high-sedimentation rate cores from the NW and NE Atlantic margins. In addition, fish remains from Homestead Cave suggest a rise of GSL at ~ 1.1 cal ka (Madsen et al., 2001), which also falls outside of the high Juniperus episodes in subzone E3. In contrast, the nearby Grays Lake pollen record (Beiswenger, 1991) has higher percentages of the pollen of montane conifers in the last 2000 years, and lower representation of Juniperus and steppe taxa, which seem to give the opposite signal to the Swan Lake record. 27). The isotopic sensitivity across the deglacial transition was approximately 0.4 per mil C−1 (when corrected for sea water composition changes), 0.25 per mil C−1 across the mid–late Holocene cooling, and 0.5 per mil C−1 at the termination of the Little Ice Age (Cuffey et al., 1995). Meltwater from glacial Lake Agassiz … Retreat of the Boulder glacier since 1979, the beginning of the present 30-year warm cycle. Came as quite a surprise when Mann et al SSNs ) and Singer and Avery 2007! Gisp2 Greenland Ice Sheet isotope data from the pre-industrial control run and the replacement of Neanderthals modern. Explored Greenland from Iceland and gave it its name cattle froze during the Medieval cold period is referred. 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