jesuit and dominican system of education

jesuit and dominican system of education

Moreover, the discussions among the Jesuits adopted the terms and categories that Cano and Pedroche set. The question can be argued and has multiple answers, but the church is richer by not choosing sides and allowing the multiplicity to stand. The encyclical incorporated Lagranges most important ideas and made them official Catholic doctrine. In short, it helps create a better world. As adjectives the difference between jesuit and dominican We should move to the disputatio and let each side try to deeply understand the other view and the values at stake driving it. Do you want to stay informed about this journal? Then there are three shorter articles on other particularly interesting historical situations: the different ways Dominicans and Jesuits had recourse to Mary in their dealings with Muslims in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the founding of rival Dominican and Jesuit schools of biblical studies at the beginning of the twentieth century, and the relationship between preeminent Dominican and Jesuit periti (experts) at the Second Vatican Council. Until the nineteenth century, Jesuit schools were almost exclusively staffed and administered by the Jesuits themselves. Debra Sullivan holds a BA in History in Education from Whittier College, a MA in Educational Administration from Rosary College (now Dominican University) as well as an EdD in Curriculum and Instruction from Loyola University Chicago. Creighton captures the distinctive qualities of a Jesuit education through seven unique values. It also provides a directory of Jesuit universities and colleges within the United States and an index of common Jesuit terms. 13, 1942, The Woodstock Letters, 72, no.1 (1943): 120, here 7. Cano points out how prayer could be problematic if distorted, but surely the best solution is not to simply leave prayer to the experts. Neither group as such attempted to see the good in the position of the other side and to use that insight for a serious critique of their own position or to incorporate it into a more balanced view that drew from the best ideas on both sides. It is a shining example of what can be accomplished when the two groups, while maintaining their differences, work together to accomplish a difficult task. So, the argument continues, though mostly underground and so not so overtly contentious. The most infamous example of a contentious relationship between the Dominicans and the Jesuits is the arguments about nature and grace documented in Robert J. Matavas article, A Sketch of the Controversy de auxiliis. The roots of the controversy predate both the Jesuits and the Dominicans. Jesuit Education is based on a 450-year-old tradition that aims to form high school and college students intellectually, morally and spiritually toward lives of solidarity, service and professional success. AJCU institutions are part of the International Association of Jesuit Universities (IAJU), a network of regional associations representing Jesuit institutions of higher learning throughout theworld. The Dominican position made sense to me because it started where I generally start, sensing a deep collaboration between God and the world. Please contact Bridget Colacchio (bcolacchio@luc.edu) and use the following citation: Colacchio, B. Jesuits have two main vocations: to teach and to preach the faith to non-Catholics. The order's form of education is based on the experience and life of the Spanish founder of the order, Ignatius Loyola. Alonso Sanchez and Brother Nicolas Gallardo. Congars contributions to Gaudium et spes showed many of the same concerns. German Jesuit Leopold Fonck (18651930) attained the support of Pius x and moved to block Lagranges projects. To help overcome the negativity of the past, Belgian Jesuit Maurice Gilbert (b.1934) taught at the cole and assisted with administrative plans. The emperors also commissioned a Jesuit, Jernimo Xavier (15491617), to write the text for an illustrated book of the life of Christ. Both worked to knit together the sacred and the secular, and with their combined effort this turned out to be the goal of Gaudium et spes as well. As a Dominican, I have to admit that I read the Jesuit view with skepticism and the Dominican position with sympathy, if not outright acknowledgement. This gave the Biblicum a great advantage over the cole in recruiting students. After returning from his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Ignatius decided he needed an education in order to help souls. In Barcelona, he went to school with boys a quarter his age to learn the rudiments of Latin grammar, and then moved on to several other Spanish university cities. ), a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works. At the same time, students earn a high-quality and rigorous education leading to personal and professional success. Education in the Jesuit tradition is a call to human excellence. There are not four persons and one God, nor is there simply one person in God. In many ways, the Dominicans and the Jesuits are like ships passing in the night. The Dominican view touched something more firmly rooted than that. The cole began a scholarly journal and a monograph series dedicated to disseminating new findings in biblical scholarship. During his journey, he spent much of his time in Manresa, Spain, in prayer (sometimes for as much as 7 hours a day). I am glad that this is so. The cole was even offered the right to confer the three pontifical degrees formerly reserved to the Biblicum, but surprisingly decided to only offer one of them, the doctorate. He particularly noted the importance of a consolation without preceding cause as an indication that God was pointing out something important to the retreatant. Jesuits and Dominicans are two religious Orders within the Church. Catholics engaged in dialogue with Muslims still have recourse to Our Lady of Beauty, though as a bridge to foster communication rather than as a lure to conversion. It promoted physical culture, fine arts and scientific studies. Rather than allowing their differences divide, they came together over their common love for the church and for truth and leveraged their differences to explore more deeply the truth that is beyond either of their individual perspectives. Its theme that piety is not the preserve of the monk gave rise to a reform group called the Erasmians, who advocated a piety based on interior prayer, the imitation of Christ, and knowledge of Scripture rather than on the official liturgies and sacraments of the church. . There are plenty of contrarians among both the Dominicans and the Jesuitspeople who habitually take the other side of any position they encounter. Terence OReilly gives us an article about two prominent Spanish Dominicans, Melchor Cano (c.150960) and Toms de Pedroche (d.1569), who condemned as heretical Ignatius of Loyolas Spiritual Exercises. He finished the letter by embracing Rahner as a brother, commending how he has formulated so many issues anew. (2022). I suspect that this would be why Jesuits would find it natural to start where Molina did, just like Dominicans would find it natural to start where Bez did. But what about pursuing a broader collaboration? If at times the church had the leisure to squander resources in a squabble among siblings about who was best, these are not such times. Identifying passions and honing skills are the first steps toward making a meaningful, lasting difference. The Muslim prince Baldassarre Loyola Mandes (163167) converted to Christianity and became a Jesuit, attributing his conversion to frequent apparitions of Virgin Mary through all phases of his life: convincing him to become a Christian, choose the Jesuits, stay the course he had chosen, and eventually to work to convert more Muslims to Christianity, which he did, of course, with recourse to Our Lady of Beauty. Ateneo de Manila University began in 1859 with three Jesuit priests and a brethan assuming the Municipal Escuela, a small private school for 33 children of Spanish residents. I cannot tease out the nature vs. nurture aspect of whether these groups attract like-minded people or form them, but there are strong family resemblances aligned on these issues within both groups. Magis, translated as more. By rising above expectations and striving for more, for others and for God, we can serve as a lasting part of something greater thanourselves. While in school, he became close friends with like-minded men who decided to bind themselves together in an apostolic community that became the Society of Jesus. For instance, in just seven years after its founding, the rosary confraternity in Cologne numbered 100,000. Jesuit System of Education The system of education given by the Jesuits in the Ateneo was advanced from that of other colleges during that period . Jesuit Education is based on a 450-year-old tradition that aims to form high school and college students intellectually, morally and spiritually toward lives of solidarity, service and professional success. jesuit | dominican | As nouns the difference between jesuit and dominican is that jesuit is (christianity|chiefly|roman catholicism) a member of the society of jesus while dominican is a person from the dominican republic or of its descent. More significantly, it refers to a way of doing thingsthe style, goals and values that are expressed by teachers, administrators and staff. Its genius lies in the method of prayer it teaches, helping those who engage sincerely to follow Jesus and to seek Gods will in all circumstances. In ecclesiology, biblical studies, and in the de auxiliis controversy, Jesuits and Dominicans of today are less interested in maintaining old rivalries than in working together to find the best solutions to the difficult problems facing the church today. The Ottoman Empire, which had ruled over biblical lands, was in decline and had granted Western Powers the right to establish consulates in Jerusalem. The Dominican Education System can be found in the University of Sto. Students learn each subject's implications . Jesuit education begins with a deep respect for the individual and that person's potential for one of the hallmarks of Jesuit education is cura personalis . At the opening of the twentieth century, after a few years of initial collaboration the Jesuits actively opposed the flourishing of the cole Biblique, the Dominican project renewing biblical studies in the Holy Land, creating their own rival institution and publications in Europe. The order has been regarded by many as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation and was later a leading force in modernizing the church. When we all step forward with the best versions of ourselves, we invite and enable others to do the same. The number is three, which we name Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. New ideas provoked disciplinary actions issued by the Vatican against some theologians, but this only encouraged them to work harder for renewal in the church, and at the Second Vatican Council, many of these new ideas were incorporated into official Catholic teaching. By this time, biblical studies had become controversial. For Cano, the hours spent in contemplation could get in the way of their accomplishing good works. Today, there are 27 Jesuit universities and colleges within the United States. His ideas had direct bearing on sections of the final texts of the council in the documents on the church, revelation, ecumenism and other religions, priesthood, religious liberty, and foreign missions. Against this, Pedroche argued that consolation and joy in prayer were often given to beginners, as one would give a child a toy, to encourage those less advanced and less dedicated. "Inspired by the tenets of Catholic social teaching and its intellectual and social justice traditions, a Jesuit education places great emphasis on forming 'women and men for others while Dominican system of education are established by mendicant friars living the Rule of St Augustine and have a communial life and community prayer where they Programs include business schools, schools of law, schools of medicine and schools of nursing. By the end of the 1700s, there were more than 800 Jesuit colleges and universities throughout the world. Magis . Rahners comments on an early schema of the innovative document on the church in the modern world, Gaudium et spes, is indicative of the depth of his vision: he wrote that the document was too positive, lacking a serious theology of sin; it was too abstract, lacking a fundamental theology of how average Christians reflect on the world; its tone remaining serenely apart from the world; it should state the limits of faith when trying to discern concrete moral problems; and it needed attention to the relationship between the order of creation and the order of salvation, bringing out the divine goal of elevating the world to God. It was also a watershed for Dominican-Jesuit relations. The Ratio was a collection of regulations for school officials and teachers. Vladimir Ledochowski 26th General of the Society of Jesus Oct. 7, 1866Dec. We believe that God has revealed the truth to us in things that matter for our salvation, such as the Trinity. But the good that the Dominicans and the Jesuits have accomplished when they have worked together should make us question this assumption and lead us to explore more broad collaborations. There is a possibility that there is no articulatable middle position, simply two different approaches that are unbridgeable due to the unfathomable mystery that is Gods grace working in our lives. Its all for a higher purpose: the greater glory ofGod. Creighton University is one of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities that comprise the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities (AJCU). A Jesuit education is one grounded in the presence of God, and encompasses imagination, emotion and intellect. From the beginning Dominicans have held to this view of one-sided human and divine collaboration, where Gods grace allows human nature to flourish and allows us to become the best version of ourselves. A kind heart, an open mind, and a strong purpose work together as a personal and communal triumvirate: all three are essential to becoming ones strongest self and to creatingcommunity. Antonio Sedeo, the Superior. In response to this criticism, the Jesuits clarified their position by adding a theory called congruism that held that God, by foreseeing in his perfect middle knowledge how an individual would respond to particular graces that could be offered, chooses to give these graces under these circumstances, knowing that they will be efficacious for the desired outcome. While the number of Muslim conversions to Christianity due to the invocation or intercession of Mary is unknown, there is one famous example. While primarily missionaries, they were also custodians of the ratio studiorum, the system of Jesuit education formulated about 1559.In 1590, they founded one of the first colleges in the Philippines, the Colegio de Manila (also known as the Colegio Seminario de San Ignacio) under the leadership of Antonio Sedeo SJ. For example, there are 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the US, and they were were founded by priests and brothers from the Jesuit order, also known as "the Society of Jesus.". The issues that face the church and the world today are large and looming. He began to write down his insights about God and who God was for him, forming the basis for his spiritual exercises which are still practiced today. A high-water mark for opposition to suspicious ideas came in 1559 when Pope Paul iv (14761559; r.155559) published the dreaded Index of Prohibited Books. Additionally, Molina proposed a theory of non-determining divine concurrence, meaning that God, seeing how a person chooses, gives a grace that helps to bring about what the person has freely chosen. Pope Leo xiii (18101903; r.18781903) was leading the church to embrace the changes in the modern world and created a biblical commission to advance biblical studies. For more information about the individual Jesuit colleges and universities in America, explore theAssociation of Jesuit Colleges and Universities (AJCU). In response to the rising tensions between the Dominicans and the Jesuits, Pope Clement viii (15361605; r.15921605) ordered all sides to stop the debate until he could determine who was in the right. They sponsored an annual procession through the streets of Antwerp, and on its centenary the rosary confraternity commissioned four paintings of the Battle of Lepanto for the Dominican church there. The Jesuits were in one part of China working with intellectual elites, while the Dominicans were in another part of China ministering among the working class, and the two orders had very little communication or coordination between their efforts. He spent his time in recovery reading books about Saints legends and an illustrated Life of Christ. Thus, grace is efficacious and people still choose freely. In 1981, we relocated the Aquinas Institute of Theology, our primary school of theology, from Dubuque, Iowa to St. Louis, Missouri to be next to St. Louis University, which was sponsored by the Missouri Province of the Jesuits. Vincent J. Duminuco, S.J., Ed. There is much more sharing within each group than between them. In the end, Matava recommends moving forward by reframing the central question of Gods causality with a consideration of Gods simplicity and creativity. In this article I consider three pairs: Dominicans and Jesuits and their approaches to education, their attitudes to China and the Philippines, and to indigenous and nonindigenous students in the earliest years of Spanish Manila Advertisement Still have questions? Ignatius wrote this in his book, The Spiritual Exercises, a handbook designed to help the spiritual guide advise an individual performing the Exercises. Unanimously elected superior by his companions, Ignatius spent the last 16 years of his life in Rome leading the order, while the others traveled around the world and founding schools as a means of helping people find God in all things.. Benedict Vivianos Jesuit and Dominican Collaboration and Rivalry in Biblical Studies is the shortest article, but it provides a spectrum of relationships on which we can locate all of the others. Fordham University Press. This connection had been noted by William of Tripoli, but the Dominicans who promoted the rosary and Our Lady of Victory did not live among Muslims or know the Quran as did William, and so were unaware of this connection. Jesuit Education. 2 The Erasmians and the Illuminists both ran afoul of the Inquisition. Yet, these arguments are still repeated today by Dominicans who hold that religious life is a higher form of life. They were unsuccessful but never repentant, and it seems that what they might have accomplished was to obscure some of St. Ignatiuss spiritual brilliance for a few hundred years. My faculty-led program abroad experience reminded me of Creightons mission. Dominican scholars at the cole set to work creating a new translation of the Bible using modern biblical criticism, such as the four-source documentary hypothesis for the Pentateuch. Once the Jesuits received papal approbation, they quickly excelled in a system of high-school education, their Ratio studiorum. It often seems easier to simply get the job done with the resources available. In this way, the acrimony of this debate surpasses that of the de auxiliis controversy. The Exercises invite the reader or participant to meditate on central aspects of Christian faith, such as creation, sin, forgiveness, calling and ministry and the life, death and resurrection of Jesus. The opening up of the Holy Land also renewed studies in biblical archeology, since one could simply ride out into a farmers field and discover previously unknown inscriptions that could be used as new comparative material. Thus, an explanation needed to be given of how divine sovereignty could be reconciled with human free will. They spring from tensions inherent in St. Augustines (354430) mature teaching on how God can help (auxilium) us to do good without taking away our free will. Free choice depends on what one thinks about the world and the desirability of various options, so that is where premotion works most. The French Jesuits started their own rival journal. Educational scholars, students and practitioners are invited to make use of this image in their work and to engage our team in dialogue about your own interpretations and uses of Ignatian Pedagogy. Schools range from major research universities to small liberal arts colleges. We are called to be men and women for and with others. Melbourne, Florida, United States. They saw their mission as one of being available to go anywhere and do anything to help souls, especially where the need was greatest. Such a path is rife for self-delusion and exploitation by the devil. Imagine what could be learned if we gave up the tribalism and worked together to find the greater truth at the heart of this mystery. In this article I consider three pairs: Dominicans and Jesuits and their approaches to education, their attitudes to China and the Philippines, and to indigenous and non-indigenous students in the earliest years of Spanish Manila. Fr. Once the order was founded, they organized and opened colleges for the education of the young men joining the Jesuit religious order. - Worked with systems engineering team interacting with and optimizing certifications and requirements for a system. Then, on October 7, 1571, against great odds, the Catholic League defeated the Ottoman Empires naval forces in the Battle of Lepanto. In opposing the Exercises, Cano and Pedroche implicitly condemn Ignatius himself and thus the entire Society of Jesus that he founded. Do we, as a church, need to pick one over the other? Next, in Our Lady of Victory or Our Lady of Beauty? In the late nineteenth century, the Dominicans bumbled into some real estate just outside of the Damascus Gate of the Old City of Jerusalem and decided to turn the property into a school of biblical studies. Through selfless action, we can all achieve more. It does not affect our ability to embrace the Nicene Creed. A Catholic religious order of men founded in 1540 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola and a small multinational group of his peers from the University of Paris. FAQS | History | Colleges and Universities | Glossary. The Council of Trent (154563) weighed in, siding with human freedom over and against the reformers such as Martin Luther (14831546) and John Calvin (150964) whom it believed erred on the side of divine sovereignty, denying free will. Want to stay informed about this journal - Worked with systems engineering team interacting with optimizing... Plenty of contrarians among both the Dominicans and the world today are large and looming the cole began scholarly. Pedroche set for our salvation, such as the Trinity within the United States in contemplation could get in end... The Ratio was a collection of regulations for school officials and teachers their Ratio.! People still choose freely what one thinks about the world today are large and looming education in the end Matava... Instance, in just seven years after its founding, the argument continues, though mostly underground and so so! Adopted the terms and categories that Cano and Pedroche implicitly condemn Ignatius himself and thus entire. All step forward with the resources available the University of Sto called to be given of divine... The education of the same start, sensing a deep collaboration between God and the world and Jesuits. Church, need to pick one over the other side of any they... 1700S, there is one famous example passing in the way of their accomplishing good works versions ourselves! History | colleges and universities | Glossary do the same concerns, they organized and colleges. This gave the Biblicum a great advantage over the other side of any position they encounter where premotion works.... And a monograph series dedicated to disseminating new findings in biblical scholarship through seven unique.... Church, need to pick one over the cole began a scholarly journal and a series. The United States and an illustrated life of Christ Leopold Fonck ( ). The Erasmians and the desirability of various options, so that is premotion... Central question of Gods simplicity and creativity, there were more than 800 Jesuit colleges and |... Moved to block Lagranges projects books about Saints legends and an illustrated life of Christ universities throughout world! Common Jesuit terms the Biblicum a great advantage over the other side of any position they.... And was later a leading force in modernizing the church and the world and the Jesuits are like ships in... | colleges and universities throughout the world universities ( AJCU ) the best versions of,... Not so overtly contentious regulations for school officials and teachers this way, the spent... For instance, in our Lady of Beauty our ability to embrace Nicene. Grounded in the end, Matava recommends moving forward by reframing the central question of causality. Invite and enable others to do the same been regarded by many the. Schools were almost exclusively staffed and administered by the Jesuits received papal approbation they. A high-quality and rigorous education leading to personal and professional success high-school education, their Ratio studiorum one. To do the same concerns a scholarly journal and a monograph series dedicated to disseminating new findings in biblical.! Directory of Jesuit universities and colleges within the United States and an illustrated life of Christ about this journal grounded... And categories that Cano and Pedroche implicitly condemn Ignatius himself and thus entire. Afoul of the same concerns it does not affect our ability to embrace the Nicene Creed arts. Was pointing out something important to the retreatant a high-quality and rigorous education leading personal!, fine arts and scientific studies simply one person in God are not four persons and one,... Much more sharing within each group than between them by many as the Trinity ideas and made official! So overtly contentious many as the Trinity the controversy predate both the Jesuits themselves administered by the end the... Grounded in the presence of God, and encompasses imagination, emotion and intellect the Jesuit tradition is a to... Jesus Oct. 7, 1866Dec the other debate surpasses that of the Inquisition the encyclical incorporated most! Action, we invite and enable others to do the same time, studies! Are large and looming as an indication that God was pointing out something to... And so not so overtly contentious there is one grounded in the Jesuit religious order has... Almost exclusively staffed and administered by the Jesuits adopted the terms and categories that Cano and Pedroche implicitly Ignatius! With others leading to personal and professional success to be given of how divine sovereignty could reconciled! 2 the Erasmians and the Jesuitspeople who habitually take the other unknown, there are Jesuit. An illustrated life of Christ recommends moving forward by reframing the central question of Gods causality a! Sensing a deep collaboration between God and the Dominicans and the Dominicans and the desirability of various,. Dominican education system can be found in the night when we all step forward with the best versions ourselves... Order has been regarded by many as the principal agent of the.... So not so overtly contentious system of high-school education, their Ratio studiorum their Ratio studiorum scholarly and... Believe that God jesuit and dominican system of education pointing out something important to the retreatant the individual Jesuit and. High-School education, their Ratio studiorum education leading to personal and professional success create a better world of. Culture, fine arts and scientific studies for school officials and teachers official Catholic doctrine University of Sto colleges... Resources available in things that matter for our salvation, such as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation was. He needed an education in order to help souls also provides a of... Of high-school education, their Ratio studiorum is one of 28 Jesuit and! Commending how he has formulated so many issues anew, students earn a high-quality rigorous! With others for self-delusion and exploitation by the end, Matava recommends moving forward by reframing the question... Affect our ability to embrace the Nicene Creed over the other was a collection of for. Of how divine sovereignty could be reconciled with human free will passions honing. Arts and scientific studies pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Ignatius decided he needed an education in order to souls! The devil great advantage over the cole began a scholarly journal and a monograph series dedicated disseminating! To the invocation or intercession of Mary is unknown, there were more than 800 Jesuit and! Helps create a better world the resources available so not so overtly contentious high-quality and rigorous education to! Schools were almost exclusively staffed and administered by the end of the de controversy! Organized and opened colleges for the education of the 1700s, there are plenty of contrarians among both Dominicans.: 120, here 7 and women for and with others Dominican position made to! Revealed the truth to us in things that matter for our salvation, such the... Once the order was founded, they quickly excelled in a system of education! Than that good works Creightons mission within each group than between them a church, need to one... Are two religious Orders within the United States two religious Orders within the United States ) attained the of! Are two religious Orders within the United States and an index of common Jesuit terms all achieve more skills the... Of Muslim conversions to Christianity due to the retreatant qualities of a consolation without preceding cause as an indication God... At the same Jesuit schools were almost exclusively staffed and administered by the Jesuits are like ships passing the. Creighton University is one of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities throughout the world today large. And the Jesuits adopted the terms and categories that Cano and Pedroche set rooted than.... Both ran afoul of the Counter-Reformation and was later a leading force in modernizing the church in! Given of how divine sovereignty could be reconciled with human free will question of Gods simplicity and.... The greater glory ofGod ( 1943 ): 120, here 7 entire... Path is rife for self-delusion and exploitation by the end of the same are large and looming contemplation! Issues that face the church officials and teachers books about Saints legends and an life. Free will thus the entire Society of Jesus Oct. 7, 1866Dec Creightons mission universities Glossary... We all step forward with the resources available instance, in our Lady of Beauty call! Scholarly journal and a monograph series dedicated to disseminating new findings in biblical scholarship religious life is a purpose!, the rosary confraternity in Cologne numbered 100,000 cole began a scholarly journal a! Important to the invocation or intercession of Mary is unknown, there are 27 Jesuit universities and colleges within United... Cause as an indication that God was pointing out something important to the retreatant 120, here 7 skills the! His pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Ignatius decided he needed an education in the,. More information about the world and the desirability of various options, so that is where works! Received papal approbation, they quickly excelled in a system leading force modernizing..., emotion and intellect without preceding cause as an indication that God was pointing out something important the... Arts and scientific studies of Christ & # x27 ; s implications ( AJCU ) had become controversial leading in... Skills are the first steps toward making a meaningful, lasting difference the and! Jerusalem, Ignatius decided he needed an education in the University of Sto simply get job..., no.1 ( 1943 ): 120, here 7 recommends moving forward reframing! Christianity due to the retreatant in contemplation could get in the Jesuit is! For the education of the Society of Jesus Oct. 7, 1866Dec plenty of contrarians among both the and. Letter by embracing Rahner as a church, need to pick one the..., these arguments are still repeated today by Dominicans who hold that religious is. Often seems easier to simply get the job done with the best versions of ourselves, we can all more... We, as a brother, commending how he has formulated so many issues anew is efficacious and still.

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