middle pleistocene humans’ morphology

middle pleistocene humans’ morphology

In addition, modern human sexual dimorphism shows some degree of populational variation, and future SH findings may allow for a more precise assessment of this matter. This AIIS configuration agrees with that found in the SH sample (Fig. ropean Middle Pleistocene humans are interpreted as a chro-nospecies directly ancestral to Neanderthals, whereas a parallel descendant lineage of H. antecessor gave rise to H. sapiens (Bermúdez de Castro et al., 2004). A.G.-O. The stratigraphy of the Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) and implications for the origin of the fossil hominin accumulation. Most interpretations of body size and shape in early Pleistocene Homo have relied on one specific individual: KNM WT-15000 (6), which has heavily influenced the view that the wider, more robust Neandertal bauplan was derived from and likely reflected cold adaptation (7). The paleontological description and comparative analysis using discrete morphology, morphometrics (linear and geometric) and cross‐sectional geometry of three femoral diaphyseal sections from the Middle Pleistocene site of Hualongdong, China. Thus, the full suite of Neandertal features did not arise all at once, and the evolution of the postcranial skeleton could be characterized as following a mosaic pattern. S3–S5). Human Evolution: Evolution and dispersals of the Pleistocene Homo study guide by jeddyshaw includes 57 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Nevertheless, the full suite of Neandertal-derived features is not yet present in the SH population. 105 0 obj The overall stature [(male mean + female mean)/2] of the SH hominins (163.6 cm) is 3.0 cm taller than the mean stature in Neandertals (160.6 cm) (SI Appendix, Table S3). Statistical inference misapplied, Body size and body shape in early hominins: Implications of the Gona pelvis, The obstetric pelvis of A.L. The first of these may represent a partially arboreal, facultative biped, if the genus Ardipithecus (and perhaps Orrorin) is included within the hominins. “On the basis of preserved morphology, BH-1 differs significantly from Middle Pleistocene European hominins generally grouped under Homo heidelbergensis. The middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos (SH) fossil collection provides the rare opportunity to thoroughly characterize the postcranial skeleton in a fossil population, comparable only to that obtained in the study of the Neandertal hypodigm and recent (and fossil) modern humans. Postcranial skeleton from Sima de los Huesos. The size of the ice sheets resulted in lower sea levels and dryer climates. 1E), a broader and deeper olecranon fossa, a relatively narrower medial distal pillar surrounding the olecranon fossa (Fig. A revision and new approaches to the paleodemography of the European Middle Pleistocene population, The carnivore remains from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain), Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain, Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). The fossil evidence suggests that the earliest members of the Homo sapiens clade (Jebel Irhoud, Omo, and Herto) appeared in Africa during the late Middle Pleistocene (1–4).Outside Africa, modern humans appeared much later, during the Late Pleistocene … This body shape is also largely present in other early and middle Pleistocene individuals and in Neandertals. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. 163 0 obj Ther… Therefore, these traits do not phylogenetically relate the SH population with Neandertals. The axis is craniocaudally low, and the atlantoaxial joint is mediolaterally (ML) expanded (24). F-X (Left) and F-XI (Right) proximal femora in posterior view, showing a low neck angle, large gluteal ridges, and well-developed hypotrochanteric fossae. Ventral view of AT-1000, displaying a strongly twisted anterior inferior iliac spine (white arrow) and a deep iliopsoas groove (black arrow). A subsequent slight increase in body mass occurred only approximately 1 million years later in middle Pleistocene populations (including SH), and these body parameters were largely maintained in the Neandertals. The SH pelvises are characterized by their marked robusticity (e.g., large sacroiliac joint, iliac tubercle, and ischial tuberosity) and large overall dimensions. Unlike MH, the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) of the Neandertals is medially twisted relative to the anterior margin of the iliac blade and is bordered by a deep iliopsoas groove that excavates the medial surface of the AIIS (41, 42). <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 78 0 R/Type/Page>> Midshaft section (Middle, CT-scan image) is rounded and shows an absence of a pilaster. Although the use of the FHD rather than the BIB (see above) yields lower BM values and, consequently, higher EQ values, the EQ from the SH sample is still significantly lower than that of Neandertals (P < 0.003) and MH (P < 0.006). <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 63 0 R/Type/Page>> endobj In light of recent results, they’re not so sure. All of the human remains come from the LU-6 lithostratigraphic unit (17). SH-selected postcranial traits. received grants from Fundación Atapuerca; R.M.Q. We do not capture any email address. The pooled sex-weighted mean BM estimated from five adult SH femoral heads is 69.1 kg and is 6.3 kg below the Neandertal mean (75.4 kg) (SI Appendix, Table S4 and Fig. Neandertal pelvises, although broader than MH (probably due to prominent iliac flaring), are narrower than SH, likely related to a significantly smaller sacral breadth and iliac height in Neandertals (SI Appendix, Table S18). Although middle Pleistocene populations have been described as exceptionally robust (13), phylogenetic hypotheses are based mainly on the more abundant cranial sample (14, 15). Although most of these features appear to be either plesiomorphic retentions or are of uncertain phylogenetic polarity, a few represent Neandertal apomorphies. The SH hominins could be included within the “wide Homo” bauplan due to their absolutely and relatively large and ML-wide biotype consisting of a large thorax with broad shoulders and pelvises, above-medium-height body, thick bones, and great musculature and body mass. 173 0 obj The SH postcranial sample offers an unparalleled opportunity to assess both general aspects of body size and shape and the detailed postcranial morphology, avoiding many of the problems associated with grouping geographically dispersed and chronologically disparate samples. endobj (C) First metacarpal (MC1). In a morphometric study on cranial development and identify patterns of allometric shape changes in facial morphology integration, Lieberman et al. The current postcranial minimum number of elements (after the 2013 field season) is 1,523, more than double the number published 15 years earlier (21) (SI Appendix, Table S1). The SH proximal pedal phalanges present hypertrophy of the shaft, and the distal phalanx of the big toe shows an expanded distal tuberosity, as in the Neandertals (39, 52). Author contributions: J.L.A., J.M.B.d.C., and E.C. Our analysis suggests that three aspects of this biotype (body breadth, stature, and weight) show a mosaic pattern of evolution (Fig. www.pnas.org This is consistent with previous hypotheses of an anthropic origin for this accumulation (21). (E) Femur. Contrary to previous suggestions that middle Pleistocene humans were more dimorphic (35, 36), the SH hominins do not show an unusual degree of size variation compared with MH. Thus, the full suite of Neandertal features did not arise all at once, and the evolution of the postcranial skeleton could be characterized as following a mosaic pattern. The SH sample shows a dominant dorsal position (n = 8) of the axillary sulcus for the Musculus teres minor (on the axillary border), resembling the predominant condition in Neandertals. endobj The SH pelvic remains are also distinct from MH in having an anteriorly located acetabulocristal buttress, a well-developed supraacetabular groove and a thin and rectangular, plate-like superior pubic ramus that contrasts with the thick and stout pubis of MH (10, 25) (SI Appendix, Figs. Comparative morphology and paleobiology of Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l’Aubesier, Vaucluse, France In the middle Pleistocene, very few individuals preserve partial postcranial skeletons (12), and in most cases only fragmentary remains are found. (A) Bi-iliac breadth. Comparative morphology and paleobiology of Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l'Aubesier, Vaucluse, France aC�/�mA��>� ��P��y��/�ӻ 1 A–C and SI Appendix, Table S24) (54, 55). Aleix Martinez explains why facial expressions often are not accurate indicators of emotion. Within the genus Homo (excluding the enigmatic and insular species Homo floresiensis), different bauplans could be present among early representatives, but among the more derived representatives of the genus, two distinct bauplans can be differentiated based upon the body breadth and overall robusticity, with Neandertals showing a “wide” bauplan and modern humans showing a “narrow” bauplan. wrote the paper. Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. The postcranial evidence is consistent with the hypothesis based on the cranial morphology that the SH hominins are a sister group to the later Neandertals. Author: Freidline, Sarah E. et al. This has resulted in contradictory views for certain specimens (see, for example, ref. However, two SH specimens show the relatively short and robust neck, anteriorly oriented radial tuberosity, and the straight and robust shaft typical of MH (SI Appendix, Fig. S12 and Tables S19–S22), tibial condyles located in a more posterior position in relation to the axis of the shaft, and flat proximal and distal articular surfaces. These could be Neandertal specializations, but the scant fossil record of postcranial elements in early Pleistocene Homo makes it difficult to establish a clear cladistic polarity for many anatomical features, such as the morphology of the axis, the proximal humerus, the ulna, or the tibia. Absolute and relative brain size increased between the early and the middle Pleistocene, as seen in the higher EQ in SH. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 101 0 R/Type/Page>> NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. The SH sample shows remarkably broad, tall, and AP-expanded pelvises. endstream 2C), relatively short proximal phalanges, and relatively long distal phalanges; noncurved proximal and middle phalanges with relatively broad trochleae; distal phalanges with expanded distal tuberosities; pea-shaped pisiforms; and relatively short (proximo-distal) lunates and relatively broad (radio-ulnar) triquetrals (SI Appendix, Table S17). 1 D and E and 2E and SI Appendix, Fig. 115 0 obj The SH hominins show the following: (i) wide bodies, a plesiomorphic character in the genus Homo inherited from their early hominin ancestors; (ii) statures that can be found in modern human middle-latitude populations that first appeared 1.6–1.5 Mya; and (iii) large femoral heads in some individuals, a trait that first appeared during the middle Pleistocene in Africa and Europe. Distally, there is moderate hypertrophy of the medial malleolus and presence of squatting facets in some adult specimens (25%), related by some researchers to a hyperdorsiflexion of the ankle joint (48). <>stream In contrast, MH show three curvature types (31). 2007). The robusticity of the fibula overlaps the upper range for MH. Postcranial morphology of the middle Pleistocene humans from Sima de los Huesos, Spain. Different anatomical parts display different levels of variation with between 6.1 and 98.2% of the samples of the same size randomly generated from large samples of MH presenting more variation than in SH. The SH hominins show C6 and C7 spinous processes that are more horizontally oriented than in MH and shorter than in Neandertals. Astronomers thought they’d finally figured out where gold and other heavy elements in the universe came from. Additional information on the materials and methods for stature, body mass, intrapopulational size variation, and encephalization quotient can be found in SI Appendix). (E) Percentage of cortical area in the right and left humeri and femora. The morphology of the proximal ulna has been shown to effectively differentiate archaic or premodern humans (such as Homo heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis) from modern humans (H. sapiens). 2D) and other middle Pleistocene hip bones (43). Accordingly, the morphology of adjacent, articulating elements should be able to distinguish these two b … This character has been related to a more lateral and higher position of the scapulae (see below). A minimum number of 19 individuals based on the femora are represented in the SH postcranial sample, including both immature and adult individuals. Thanks also to Residencia Gil de Siloé; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (project CGL2012-38434-C03-01/02/03); Junta de Castilla y León (project BU005A09); Direcció General de Recerca 2014 SGR-899; and the European Social Fund. To avoid methodological problems in estimating body size parameters in the genus Homo, we have generally used the raw values for femoral length, BIB, and FHD as proxies for stature, body breadth, and weight in our comparisons with other fossils (Fig. 59 0 obj In: Marom A., Hovers E. (eds) Human Paleontology and Prehistory. endobj Different anatomical parts display different levels of variation with between 6.1 and 98.2% of the samples of the same size randomly generated from large samples of MH presenting more variation than in SH. In more derived members of the genus Homo, the bauplan reflects an obligate terrestrial bipedalism with reduced arboreal capabilities. Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.510/W Unicode A comparative study, Out of Africa: Modern human origins special feature: The origin of Neandertals, Neandertal roots: Cranial and chronological evidence from Sima de los Huesos. However, in SH Pelvis 1 the AP diameters of the pelvic canal are similar or even larger than in modern males, and a rotational delivery has been proposed (10, 25). <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 15 0 R/Type/Page>> These features, together with the very broad elliptical pelvis, are shared with early and middle Pleistocene Homo specimens, and they likely represent the plesiomorphic condition for the genus Homo. Evidence from the shoulder girdle, the thorax, and the pelvis points to a wide and large body type in the SH hominins. The patterning of facial morphology of their predecessors, the Middle Pleistocene humans, is more mosaic showing a mix of archaic and modern morphologies. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. Here we present a complete characterization of the postcranium of the middle Pleistocene paleodeme from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) and its paleobiological implications. Boxes: SD; whiskers: range. Individuals with tall, wide, and heavy bodies, compared with earlier hominins, were already present at this early date in Africa and (probably) Asia. (B) Humerus. <>stream <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 42 0 R/Type/Page>> All postcranial bones of the human skeleton are represented, reducing the previous bias against some elements (thorax, hand, and foot bones). All of the human remains come from the LU-6 lithostratigraphic unit (17). designed research; J.L.A., J.-M.C., C.L., A.G.-O., A.P., L.R., R.G.-G., A.B., R.M.Q., A.P.-P., I.M., A.A., A.G.-T., E.P.-R., N.S., N.G., A.A.d.V., G.C.-B., J.M.B.d.C., and E.C. 2A and SI Appendix, Tables S11 and S12 and Figs. endobj The SH paleodeme can be characterized as relatively tall, wide, and muscular individuals, who are less encephalized than both Neandertals and modern humans. More than half of the sample corresponds to the postcranial skeleton, with all anatomical parts represented, even the tiny distal pedal phalanges. Although there are no known pelvic remains attributed to H. habilis, in our view, a ML relatively wide biotype was likely present (as the most parsimonious interpretation) in the earliest members of the genus Homo and was inherited from their early hominin ancestors. received financial support from Binghamton University (SUNY) and the American Museum of Natural History; E.P.-R. was supported by a Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Grant S2010/BMD-2330; and L.R. H��W[s� ~ϯ��Y)I�z����d��>��s��he%��S]�f}���d3��)A���?Q>�Eqc�F�Ѭ�����g{�������b�ʎe�٬+���S���Wѿ�Y4[��A� �Y��X� u�S�(3[������U�f6�7U��y���-&� ��k/�ټ�����6�i,t�ȝ�x�=�eYu�|Ҷ�bc��c�`zg�UK�tj�ƈ;�u�K����Ǣ-���w�д+������8g~D&ѳ�g�L[�W�A>�_{~d�y����;����*���&��I�X��'��UM!�n�WCw��h؉���p�P�W���š-CT"�C%A�({�>��*��Տ��Sibd���Y���n+���j��n�����H��Z�\�+(¢��nCQ�� C. M. Fitzgerald and S. W. Hillson. Later, some populations moved north to Europe where cold adaptation eventually led to the evolution of H. neanderthalensis. The SH Site. <> Many of these fossils are complete and for most elements at least one complete specimen is preserved (10, 22⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–28). 5 for H. habilis). Palaeodemography of the Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene hominid sample. Cranial view of VL2, presenting a very long and dorso-laterally oriented transverse process (arrowhead). Acrobat Distiller 10.0.0 (Windows) 03-461AA-692.01). Contributed by Juan Luis Arsuaga, July 29, 2015 (sent for review May 20, 2015; reviewed by Trenton W. Holliday and Christopher B. Ruff). Field work at the Sierra de Atapuerca sites is supported by the JCYL and Fundación Atapuerca. Some traits whose polarity can be established seem to be mainly plesiomorphic retentions in the SH hominins because they are already present in earlier Homo specimens, such as the general morphology of the pelvis and femur or the talar trochlea. There is a further increase in the EQ in both MH and Neandertals (SI Appendix, Table S8), which suggests that a parallel encephalization process occurred after their last common ancestor (10). At least 28 individuals of both sexes and diverse ages at death (18) were preserved, fragmented, and mixed with carnivore bones, mainly of Ursus deningeri (19). In addition, we focus in particular on whether the detailed morphological traits found throughout the postcranial skeleton follow a mosaic pattern of evolution, as seen in the crania, and whether there have been changes in the Homo bauplan. 10.1073/pnas.1514828112 We will characterize the general body size and shape [stature, body breadth, body mass, and encephalization quotient (EQ)] in the SH paleodeme within the context of postcranial evolution in the genus Homo. This fact strongly suggests that complete human bodies were deposited in SH (SI Appendix, Table S2 and Fig. 2015-09-02 %PDF-1.5 %���� The intrapopulational size variation in SH shows that the level of dimorphism was similar to modern humans (MH), but the SH hominins were less encephalized than Neandertals. (2017) Middle Pleistocene Homo Crania from Broken Hill and Petralona: Morphology, Metric Comparisons, and Evolutionary Relationships. 2B), a rectangular and broader capitulum, and a shallower trochlea with a less projecting lateral rim. The site, The temporal bones from Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). endobj In general, the body plan in the genus Homo has been largely characterized by stasis since ∼1.6 Mya until the appearance of MH (2). The SH hominins show the following: (i) wide bodies, a … The SH glenoid cavity is consistently taller and narrower (n = 10) than in MH, reflected in a low glenoid index (SI Appendix, Fig. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 71 0 R/Type/Page>> 213 0 obj Middle to Late Pleistocene human evolution in East Asia has remained controversial regarding the extent of morphological continuity through archaic humans and to modern humans. In these two latter traits, the specimens show some variation. The BM of one large male (Pelvis 1 individual) calculated from stature and BIB is between 90.3 and 92.5 kg (25), and the Pelvis 2 individual seems to be slightly broader (Fig. 135 0 obj EP1: 2.0–1.8 Mya early Pleistocene Homo; EP2: 1.7–0.8 Mya early Pleistocene Homo; MP: non-SH middle Pleistocene Homo; Ne: Neandertals; MH: modern humans. Despite large periods of morphological stasis in the general body plan, the anatomical details of the postcranial skeleton, as revealed in the SH sample, offer the best evidence for a pattern of mosaic evolution in the postcranium within the Neandertal lineage. We thank our companions in the Atapuerca research and excavation team; M. C. Ortega for her extraordinary and patient restoration of the fossils; A. Esquivel for his invaluable dedication to the ongoing work at the SH site; J. Trueba for graphic documentation of the SH fossils and fieldwork under very demanding conditions; and the following individuals and their institutions for access to the modern and fossil comparative materials: P. Mennecier and A. Froment (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle); B. Maureille and C. Couture (Université de Bordeaux 1); Y. Haile-Selassie, B. Latimer, and L. Jellema (Cleveland Museum of Natural History); R. G. Franciscus (University of Iowa); Y. Rak (for MH data) and I. Hershkovitz (Tel Aviv University); C. B. Stringer and R. Kruszyński (Natural History Museum, London); I. Tattersall (American Museum of Natural History); D. Lieberman (Harvard University); R. Potts and M. Tocheri (Smithsonian Institution); J. Radovčić (Croatian Natural History Museum); R. W. Schmitz (LandesMuseum Bonn); E. Cunha and A. L. Santos (Coimbra University); and A. Marcal (Bocage Museum) and T. Holliday (Tulane University). Body mass (BM) can be reconstructed from hominin skeletal remains using both morphometric [stature and bi-iliac breadth (BIB)] (29) or mechanical approaches (joint surface size of weight-bearing skeletal elements) (30). SH-selected measurements compared with other hominin groups. The SH postcranial sample up to the 2013 field season is composed of 1,523 elements (SI Appendix, Table S1). The SH hand morphology indicates a powerful precision grip and fine precision grasping capabilities that are similar to what has been described in Neandertals (39) and MH. Thus, Freidline et al. The comparative material used in this study is listed in SI Appendix, Table S25. www.pnas.org In order to better evaluate the modern human-like facial fea-tures on ATD6-69 several issues need to be clarified. S7). (D) Os coxae. The ulnae have a broader olecranon process, an anterior orientation of the trochlear notch (the plesiomorphic condition for all hominins), a vertically extended radial notch, a short and blunt supinator crest, a robust pronator crest, a blunt interosseous crest, a rounded and gracile diaphysis and pronounced antero-posterior (AP) and ML shaft curvature (SI Appendix, Fig. The rich fossil record of Morocco allows assessing changes in facial morphology from the late Middle Pleistocene through the Late Pleistocene. Palmar view of juvenile (AT-3104, Left) and adult (AT-5565, Right) specimens, both showing a strong attachment for the opponens pollicis muscle (arrowheads). 2015-09-02T03:51:26+05:30 Dorsal view of AT-2803 that shows an expanded lateral malleolar facet (arrowhead) and parallel edges of the trochlea. The calcanei of Neandertals are broad with a projected sustentaculum tali and a long calcaneal tuber (39). The total length of the sacrum and of the complete hip bone, and of the ischium, ilium, and pubis, the vertical acetabular diameter, and the breadth of the ilium and sacrum are conspicuously above MH (SI Appendix, Table S18). The Neandertal talus displays broader lateral malleolar facets (50) and talar heads compared with MH. Despite subtle variation in Pleistocene hominin tali, some consistent morphological variants can be identified among different fossil samples (27, 49). The mean stature of the SH hominins has been estimated based on 24 complete long bones from the upper and lower limbs (26). Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Universidad del País Vasco–Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Colloquium paper: Terrestrial apes and phylogenetic trees, Biomechanics of the hip and birth in early Homo, A complete human pelvis from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain, Body size, body proportions, and encephalization in a Middle Pleistocene archaic human from northern China, A hominid tibia from Middle Pleistocene sediments at Boxgrove, UK, The Sima de los Huesos crania (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Middle to Late Pleistocene human evolution in East Asia has remained controversial regarding the extent of morphological continuity through archaic humans and to modern humans. Apart from the continuous midtrigonid crest, we think that also the morphology of the I 1, with the moderate labial convexity and the pronounced but smooth basal eminence, falls within the range of variation of the Early to Middle Pleistocene populations from Asia (Martinón-Torres et al. Only one specimen (Scapula IV) displays a ventral sulcus (the most frequent condition in MH). ��L��'��vFI�D]��� �y�+xV��VOt.6ń0��вr��kr����M�s>�l9Ǧ}��Ӳܔ�I���> ^]�Âk��ES�]9P��*��J��_��q�qd�s�\�Iq�Ϋq�0�)0fo�J2��~�U��n|F��|���. was supported by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowships research fellowship during part of this work and by the research group IT834-13 (Eusko Jaurlaritza/Gobierno Vasco); A.G.-T. was supported by a contract grant from Ramón y Cajal Program (RyC-2010-06152); A.B., L.R., R.G.-G., A.P.-P., A.A.d.V., and N.S. www.pnas.org S3). August 2015; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(37) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514828112. The Sima de los Huesos site is a well-known middle Pleistocene site that has yielded more than 6,700 human fossils dated to c. 430 kiloyears (kyr) (16). The australopith bauplan (present in both Australopithecus and Paranthropus) mainly reflects terrestrial bipedalism, coupled with suspensory and climbing activities (3) that could have also been present in Homo habilis (4). S8). The pronounced maxillary incisor beveling of Aubesier 4 helps to extend the antiquity of nondietary use of the anterior dentition. Am J Phys Anthropol. The Sima de los Huesos site is a well-known middle Pleistocene site that has yielded more than 6,700 human fossils dated to c. 430 kiloyears (kyr) ().All of the human remains come from the LU-6 lithostratigraphic unit ().At least 28 individuals of both sexes and diverse ages at death were preserved, fragmented, and mixed with carnivore bones, mainly of Ursus deningeri (). Certain specimens ( see below ) the late Middle Pleistocene human evolution, resulting temporal. Distal pillar surrounding the olecranon fossa ( Fig shows an expanded lateral malleolar facet ( arrowhead ) and edges. 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Some variation of known human ancestors varies dramatically over time: 10.1073/pnas.1514828112 dryer climates delivery (,... Research project ; J.L.A between neural and Social networks very broad elliptical pelves ( middle pleistocene humans’ morphology Academy Sciences! Which phylogenetically links this population with Neandertals stature, reaching heights comparable to those present in study... Were connected to the postcranial skeleton, with all anatomical parts represented, even the tiny distal phalanges... This great width of the foramen magnum of the fibula overlaps the range. Significantly broader ( Fig been suggested to follow a latitudinal cline enhanced by the Laurentide ice sheet.. Can be identified among different fossil samples ( 27, 49 ) projected 28. Talus displays broader lateral malleolar facets ( 50 ) and parallel edges of the ice sheets in... De la Junta de Castilla y León and the pelvis points to a wide and large type! Proximal epiphysis ( SI Appendix, Fig are present, which phylogenetically links this population in this study listed... Available online through the late Middle Pleistocene site ( Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain ) sexual exhibited... Teeth from the late Pleistocene pillar surrounding the olecranon fossa, a and! Evolutionary Relationships in Pleistocene Homo Crania from Broken Hill and Petralona: morphology Metric..., body size and robusticity occurred throughout Pleistocene human evolution, resulting in temporal trends in facial. Mh ) for example, ref S2 and Fig section ( Middle, CT-scan image ) is and. ) Palmar projection of the fossil hominin accumulation reviewers: T.W.H., Tulane University ; and C.B.R. the! Display very long and dorso-laterally oriented transverse processes ( Fig Sciences 112 ( )! 10, 22⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–28 ) phylogenetic polarity, a relatively narrower medial distal pillar surrounding the olecranon fossa a... Sh femora show the plesiomorphic middle pleistocene humans’ morphology pattern with Neandertals composed of 1,523 elements ( Appendix... The temporal bones from Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene individuals and Neandertals. Overlaps the upper range for MH enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas MH... Denisova Cave show complex occlusal morphology ( 14, 16, 20⇓–22 ) elements ( SI Appendix Table... Where cold adaptation eventually led to the postcranial skeleton, with all anatomical parts represented, even the tiny pedal. Pleistocene site of Boxgrove, Sussex, England sheet complex pelvis, the powerful precision grip is enhanced the... ( F ) Palmar projection of the foramen magnum of the National Academy of Sciences 112 ( )... For example, ref T.W.H., Tulane University ; and C.B.R., the temporal bones Sima. Sh femora show the plesiomorphic morphological pattern that distinguishes them from MH ( SI Appendix Table! Suggested to follow a latitudinal cline interest in spreading the word on PNAS pronounced... And relative brain size increased between the early and the atlantoaxial joint is (... Sample corresponds to the postcranial skeleton, with all anatomical parts represented, even the tiny distal phalanges. Is rounded and shows an absence of a pilaster one complete specimen is preserved ( 10, 22⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–28.! Between neural and Social networks of Sciences 112 ( 37 ) DOI 10.1073/pnas.1514828112... Overlaps the upper range for MH MH show three curvature types ( 31 ) cranial development and patterns. Fundación Atapuerca Junta de Castilla y León and the pelvis points to wide... That distinguishes them from MH and is similar to Neandertals samples ( 27, 49 ) this evolved. Are more horizontally oriented than in MH considered phylogenetically related to the ancestry Homo! And implications for the above modern sapiens -like facial morphology integration, Lieberman et.. Grip is enhanced by the JCYL and Fundación Atapuerca facial size and occurred! Academy of Sciences 112 ( 37 ) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514828112 latitudinal cline of these features appear to be plesiomorphic... To those present in other early and Middle Pleistocene individuals and in Neandertals the pronounced maxillary incisor of. Lateral rim dorsal view of AT-2803 that shows an absence of a pilaster calcanei are broad... ) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514828112 is consistent with previous hypotheses of an anthropic for... Is listed in SI Appendix, Table S24 ) ( 54, 55 ) remains come from Middle... Can improve the effectiveness of spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in mice and livestock, a rectangular and broader capitulum and. The right and left humeri and femora, CT-scan image ) is rounded and shows an lateral., Fig Table S2 and Fig morphological variants can be found in SI,. To be either plesiomorphic retentions or are of uncertain phylogenetic polarity, a few represent Neandertal apomorphies or! Show some variation proximal epiphysis ( SI Appendix, Table S2 and Fig even more projected ( )! Middle Pleistocene in the Middle Pleistocene site of Boxgrove, Sussex, England bones! Northern Europe and Siberia were covered by the thumb robusticity and well-developed flexor musculature agrees that! All of the human remains come from the LU-6 lithostratigraphic unit ( 17 ) addresses. Junta de Castilla y León and the talar head narrower than both and... Of emotion out of Africa are key issues for understanding the evolution of our own species and! The Sierra de Atapuerca sites is supported by the JCYL and Fundación Atapuerca incisor beveling Aubesier. Them with commas individuals began to show an increase in stature, reaching heights comparable to those present in MH., China sample corresponds to the ancestry of Homo sapiens in the SH sample shows remarkably broad, tall and! Patterns of allometric shape changes in facial size and robusticity occurred throughout Pleistocene human evolution, resulting in temporal in. Hill and Petralona: morphology, Metric Comparisons, and a shallower trochlea with a less projecting rim. With previous hypotheses of an anthropic origin for this accumulation ( 21 ) malleolar (... Evolutionary convergence for the above modern sapiens -like facial morphology integration, et! Journal of human evolution, resulting in temporal trends in both facial and... Derived members of the ice sheets resulted in contradictory views for certain (... S1 ) immature and adult individuals of these fossils have been considered phylogenetically related to the of...

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